Geography
Physical, human, Indian, and world geography. The most map-anchored UPSC subject.
Climatology
Atmosphere, weather systems, climate zones, El Nino, and climate change.
Air Masses and Frontogenesis: Source Regions, Types and Fronts
May 2026
Air massuniform temperature and humiditySource regionwhere it forms: land or sea, A/P/T/EFrontboundary of two air massesFrontogenesisa front forms and sharpensAir masses and…
LIVEGlobal Warming: Causes, Effects and Control Measures
Dec 2025
Causes and effects of global warming and climate change: anthropogenic CO2 and CH4 drivers, IPCC findings, the Paris Agreement framework, and India's…
LIVEHeat Budget of the Earth and the Distribution of Temperature
Apr 2019
Heat budget of the Earth: incoming solar radiation, terrestrial outgoing long-wave radiation, latitudinal energy imbalance, and the global temperature distribution drivers for…
LIVEWhy Hot Deserts Form at 20 to 30 Degrees of Latitude
Nov 2018
Why the world's major deserts lie between 20 and 30 degrees of latitude: descending limb of the Hadley cell, sub-tropical high-pressure belt,…
Economic Geography
22 articles in Economic Geography.
Green Revolution Part 10: Policy Architecture and FPO Institutional Vehicle
May 2026
Green Revolution Part 10 for UPSC: GR 2.0 policy architecture and FPO vehicle via the 10,000 FPO Scheme 2020, NMSA, PM-KUSUM, NFSM,…
LIVEGreen Revolution Part 9: Precision Agriculture, Digital Agriculture, Biofortified Crops
May 2026
Green Revolution Part 9 for UPSC: precision farming, AgriStack digital agriculture, and biofortified crops like Golden Rice and Dhanashakti pearl millet.
LIVEGreen Revolution Part 8: Climate-Smart and Climate-Resilient Agriculture
May 2026
Climate-Smart Agriculture for UPSC: FAO three pillars, NICRA by ICAR-CRIDA, climate-resilient varieties, CCAFS, GACSA, and India's monsoon adaptation.
LIVEGreen Revolution Part 7: Sustainable Agriculture, Natural Farming, Organic, ZBNF
May 2026
GR P7: Sustainable agriculture deep-dive. Conservation Ag three principles; NPOP organic farming with APEDA Secretariat; PKVY, MOVCDNER; Natural Farming SPNF/BPKP/APCNF; ZBNF concept…
LIVEGreen Revolution Part 6: GR 2.0 Concept, Rationale, Sustainability Pivot
May 2026
Green Revolution 2.0 for UPSC: productivity-to-sustainability pivot, four drivers, GR 1.0 vs 2.0 comparison, six objectives, and the Evergreen Revolution.
LIVEGreen Revolution Part 5: Socio-Economic and Environmental Critique, Bridge to GR 2.0
May 2026
Green Revolution Part 5 for UPSC: socio-economic and environmental critique of GR 1.0, groundwater depletion, stubble burning, and the bridge to GR…
LIVEGreen Revolution Part 4: Institutional Scaffolding and Regional Impact
May 2026
Green Revolution Part 4 for UPSC: FCI, CACP/MSP and NABARD credit; why the Punjab-Haryana wheat belt led while eastern India and dryland…
LIVEGreen Revolution Part 3: Technological Package (HYV Seeds, Fertilizers, Irrigation, Mechanisation)
May 2026
Green Revolution technological package for UPSC: HYV seeds, fertilisers, irrigation, mechanisation, and credit as one integrated farm input system in India.
LIVEGreen Revolution Part 2: Global Origins and Indian Adoption (Borlaug, Swaminathan, HYV Seeds)
May 2026
Green Revolution Part 2 for UPSC: Borlaug's CIMMYT dwarf wheat, IRRI's IR8 rice, Swaminathan's IARI adaptation, and India's 1966 HYV Programme launch.
LIVEGreen Revolution Part 1: Foundation and Pre-Green-Revolution India
May 2026
Green Revolution Part 1 for UPSC: India's pre-1966 food crisis, the Bengal famine, PL-480 wheat imports, the Bihar drought, and the seed-fertiliser…
LIVEAgriculture Part 12: Revolutions, Rural Economy, Contemporary Issues, and Models
May 2026
Indian agriculture colour revolutions for UPSC: Green, White, Blue, Yellow plus NABARD rural credit, agrarian distress, FPOs and contemporary farm models.
LIVEAgriculture Part 11: Dryland, Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change
May 2026
Dryland farming and sustainable agriculture for UPSC: rainfed crops, ICAR-CRIDA, NMSA, NICRA 2011, NPOP organic farming, Sikkim, ZBNF and climate change.
Human Geography
Population, settlement, migration, urbanisation, and the human-environment relationship.
Human Geography articles coming soon.
Indian Geography
Physiography, climate, drainage, soils, agriculture, industries, and resources of India.
Indian Geography articles coming soon.
Oceanography
Ocean circulation, salinity, tides, currents, and marine resources.
Ocean Salinity Part 2: Thermohaline Circulation and Stratification
May 2026
How salinity drives global thermohaline circulation, stratifies the ocean column through pycnocline-halocline structure, and powers deep-water formation at sinking zones. UPSC Geography…
LIVEOcean Salinity Part 1: Definition, Composition, Sources, Factors, and Distribution
May 2026
How ocean salinity is measured in PSU, what salts dissolve into seawater, where they originate from weathering and rivers, and how concentration…
Physical Geography
Earth interior, plate tectonics, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere.
Tropical Cyclones in the Indian Ocean Part 12: Cyclones and Climate Change
Jun 2026
Warmer seasmore fuel for cyclonesStronger stormsmore Category 4-5, more rainThe Arabian Sea shifta warming western basinFrequencyuncertain, maybe fewerCyclones in a warming worldHow…
LIVETropical Cyclones in the Indian Ocean Part 11: Cyclone Forecasting, Monitoring and Disaster Management
Jun 2026
Watchsatellites, Doppler radar, buoysForecastIMD, the RSMC for the regionWarnthe four-stage colour-coded systemManageNDMA, NDRF, NCRMP sheltersFrom satellite to shelterThe chain that turns a…
LIVEMid-Ocean Ridges: The World’s Longest Geological Feature, Sea-Floor Spreading, and Plate Tectonic Evidence
May 2026
Mid-Ocean Ridges: the longest geological feature on Earth, sea-floor spreading at divergent boundaries, and the plate-tectonics evidence base. UPSC Geography Paper 1…
LIVETropical Cyclones in the Indian Ocean Part 10: Indian Case Studies 1999 to 2024
May 2026
Indian cyclone case studies for UPSC: 1999 Odisha, Phailin, Hudhud, Fani, Amphan, Tauktae, Biparjoy and Dana, and how deaths fell from 9,887…
LIVETropical Cyclones in the Indian Ocean Part 9: Cyclone Impacts and Coastal Vulnerability
May 2026
Cyclone impacts for UPSC: storm surge, coastal erosion, mangrove loss, agriculture and livelihood damage, and India's coastal-state vulnerability profile.
LIVETropical Cyclones in the Indian Ocean Part 8: Cyclone-Monsoon Interaction
May 2026
Indian Ocean cyclones peak in May and November because the monsoon's vertical wind shear suppresses June-to-September storms across the climate calendar.
LIVETropical Cyclones in the Indian Ocean Part 7: Western Disturbances over India
May 2026
Western Disturbances for UPSC: Mediterranean storms in the subtropical westerly jet bringing winter rain, Himalayan snow and Rabi-crop moisture to North India.
LIVETropical Cyclones in the Indian Ocean Part 6: Temperate Cyclones and Polar Front Theory
May 2026
Temperate cyclones for UPSC: the Bjerknes-Solberg polar-front theory, warm-cold-occluded fronts, four-stage life cycle, and Western Disturbances over India.
LIVETropical Cyclones in the Indian Ocean Part 5: Life Cycle from Disturbance to Dissipation
May 2026
Tropical cyclone life cycle for UPSC: five stages from disturbance to dissipation, Dvorak T-numbers, IMD intensity tiers, and the three decay pathways.
LIVETropical Cyclones in the Indian Ocean Part 4: Tropical Cyclogenesis Mechanism Deep Dive
May 2026
Tropical cyclogenesis for UPSC: the six conditions, seed disturbances, the WISHE feedback engine, warm-core growth, and the Genesis Potential Index.
LIVETropical Cyclones in the Indian Ocean Part 3: Bay of Bengal versus Arabian Sea
May 2026
Bay of Bengal vs Arabian Sea cyclones for UPSC: why the Bay produces four of every five North Indian Ocean storms, the…
LIVETropical Cyclones in the Indian Ocean Part 2: Classification, Naming, and Tracking Architecture
May 2026
Cyclone classification for UPSC: IMD seven-tier wind-speed scale, Saffir-Simpson cross-reference, thirteen-nation naming panel, and RSMC New Delhi tracking.
World Geography
Continents, ocean systems, climate zones, and major political regions.
World Geography articles coming soon.