UPSC - CSE · General Studies III
Science and Technology
Physics, chemistry and biology for General Studies, with biotechnology, satellite orbits and science in India's development.
- 32 articles
- 7 topic areas
- Last updated Nov 2026
Gene Therapy and Biotechnology in Medicine: Insulin, CAR‑T, RNAi and Diagnostics
Gene therapy delivers working genes into a patient's cells; biotechnology has also given medicine insulin, CAR‑T therapy, RNAi and molecular diagnostics.
Recombinant DNA Technology: Tools, PCR, DNA Fingerprinting and CRISPR
Recombinant DNA technology moves a chosen gene into a host with restriction enzymes and vectors; PCR, DNA fingerprinting and CRISPR-Cas9 build on it.
Non-Communicable Diseases: Heart Disease, Cancer, Diabetes and Chronic Lung Disease in India
Non-communicable diseases, among them heart disease, cancer, diabetes and chronic lung disease, cause most deaths in India, and many are preventable.
Communicable Diseases: Bacterial, Viral, Protozoan and Vector-Borne Diseases in India
Communicable diseases spread through bacteria, viruses, protozoa and worms; India controls malaria, dengue, TB and kala-azar by blocking each route.
Advanced Materials: Composites, Smart Materials, Superconductors and Rare Earths
Composites, smart materials, superconductors, OLEDs and rare earths are advanced materials, designed for their properties and key to India's chip plans.
Physics Nuclear Fission and Fusion: Radioactivity, Half-Life and Nuclear Reactors
Nuclear fission and fusion release energy from the nucleus; radioactivity, half-life, reactors and India's three-stage programme rest on the same physics.
Physics Electric Current and Magnetism: Ohm's Law, Electromagnetic Induction and Transformers
Electric current is the flow of electric charge. Ohm's law, magnetic effects, electromagnetic induction, transformers and semiconductors are explained.
Nanotechnology: Nanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes and Applications
Nanotechnology works with matter 1 to 100 nanometres across, where size changes colour, strength and reactivity, with uses in medicine, farming and water.
Electrochemistry: Electrolysis, Batteries, Lithium-Ion Cells and Fuel Cells
Electrochemistry studies how chemical energy and electricity turn into each other, in cells, electrolysis, lithium-ion batteries and fuel cells.
Physics Reflection and Refraction of Light: Total Internal Reflection, Dispersion and Optics
Reflection and refraction of light explain mirrors, lenses and the human eye. Total internal reflection, dispersion and scattering are covered for UPSC.
Physics Sound Waves: Speed of Sound, Doppler Effect, Ultrasound and Sonar
Sound waves travel as compressions and rarefactions; their speed, echo, resonance, the Doppler effect, ultrasound and sonar all follow from this.
Physics Heat and Thermodynamics: Laws of Thermodynamics, Specific Heat and Heat Transfer
Laws of thermodynamics explained with heat and temperature, specific heat capacity, latent heat, conduction, convection, radiation and engines.
Physics Newton's Laws of Motion and Gravitation: Force, Momentum and Satellites
Newton's laws of motion explain how forces change the motion of bodies, and his law of gravitation explains weight, tides, planetary orbits and satellites.
Carbon and Its Compounds: Allotropes, Hydrocarbons, Polymers and Plastics
Carbon and its compounds explained: catenation, allotropes of carbon, hydrocarbons and fuels, soaps and detergents, polymers and plastic pollution.
Metals and Non-Metals: Reactivity Series, Metallurgy, Alloys and Corrosion
Metals and non-metals explained: properties, the reactivity series, metallurgy and mining, alloys, toxic metals, corrosion and rusting of iron.
Immunity and Vaccines: Immune System, Types of Immunity and Vaccination in India
Immunity explained: immune system, lymphatic system, types of immunity, antibody and antigen, types of vaccines and the national immunization schedule.
Endocrine System: Endocrine Glands, Hormones and Their Functions
Endocrine system explained: endocrine system diagram, pituitary gland diagram, thyroid gland diagram, hormones and their functions, insulin and glucagon.
Acids, Bases and Salts: The pH Scale, Indicators and Everyday Salts
The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a solution is. Indicators, neutralisation, acid rain and salts such as baking soda and gypsum are explained.
Chemical Reactions and Chemical Bonding: Types, Redox, Catalysts and Smog
Atoms join by ionic, covalent and metallic bonds, and chemical reactions break and remake those bonds through redox, catalysis and sunlight.
Nervous System: Neuron, Nerve Impulse, Human Brain and Reflex Action
Human nervous system explained: nervous system diagram, neuron structure, synapse, parts of brain, reflex action and a labelled human brain diagram.
Excretory System: Human Kidney, Nephron Structure and Urine Formation
Human excretory system explained: excretory system diagram, nephron structure, urine formation, dialysis, kidney stones and kidney transplant.
Modern Periodic Table: History, Groups, Blocks and Periodic Trends
The modern periodic table orders 118 elements by atomic number into 7 periods and 18 groups, and position predicts size, reactivity and bonding.
Atomic Structure: States of Matter, Bohr Model, Isotopes and Electronic Configuration
Atomic structure explains how electrons, protons and neutrons build every atom, from the Bohr model to isotopes and electronic configuration.
Respiratory System: Human Lungs, Mechanism of Breathing and Gas Exchange
The respiratory system brings oxygen from the air into the blood and removes carbon dioxide, through the airways, the lungs and the work of breathing.
Circulatory System: Human Heart, Blood, Blood Groups and Double Circulation
Circulatory system explained: the human heart diagram, blood and plasma, ABO and Rh blood groups, double circulation, ECG and blood pressure.
Vitamins and Minerals: Vitamin Deficiency Diseases, Malnutrition and Nutrition Programmes
How vitamin deficiency diseases arise, how malnutrition is measured in India, and how fortification, the Food Security Act and PM POSHAN respond to it.
Human Digestive System: Alimentary Canal, Digestive Enzymes and Balanced Diet
The human digestive system breaks food down organ by organ. Each digestive enzyme acts at one site, and India's guidelines define a balanced diet.
Cell Cycle and Cell Division: Mitosis, Meiosis, Stem Cells and Cancer
The cell cycle and cell division explain how a cell becomes two, how mitosis and meiosis differ, and why stem cells and cancer turn on the…
Cell Structure and Function: Organelles, Membrane and Cell Types
A cell is built of a membrane, organelles and enzymes, each with its own work. Cell structure and function also explain why antibiotics spare human cells.
Types of Satellite Orbits: LEO, MEO, Geostationary, Polar and Sun-Synchronous
Satellite orbits come in several types, from low Earth orbit to the geostationary belt and Lagrange points, and each suits a different job.
Science and Technology in India: Role in Development, Institutions and Missions
Science and technology in India: how research drives development, the institutions behind it, ISRO, nuclear power, R&D spending and national missions.
Mitochondrial Replacement Therapy: Maternal Spindle Transfer, Pronuclear Transfer and Ethics
Mitochondrial replacement therapy moves a mother's nuclear DNA into a donor egg with healthy mitochondria to prevent mitochondrial disease in her child.
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