UPSC - CSE · General Studies II
Polity & Governance
How India is governed: the Constitution as supreme law, the institutions it creates, and the practice of federalism.
- Articles
- 43
- Topic areas
- 6
- Last updated
- Oct 2026
Right to Equality: Articles 14 to 18 of the Indian Constitution Explained
Right to Equality explained: Article 14 equality before law, Article 15, Article 16 and reservation, Article 17 untouchability and Article 18 on titles.
Fundamental Rights of Indian Constitution: Part III, Article 12 and Article 13
Fundamental Rights of Indian Constitution: the six rights with articles, their features, Article 12 definition of State and Article 13 on void laws.
Election Commission of India: Article 324, Powers, Functions and Appointment
Election Commission of India under Article 324: composition, appointment and removal of the CEC, powers and functions, Model Code of Conduct, EVMs and SIR.
Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG): Article 148, Duties, Powers and Role
Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) under Article 148: appointment, independence, duties under Articles 149 to 151, audit types and the PAC.
Right Against Exploitation and Freedom of Religion: Articles 23 to 28
Right against exploitation and freedom of religion: Article 23 forced labour, Article 24 child labour, Articles 25 to 28 and Indian secularism, with PYQs.
Right to Freedom: Articles 19 to 22, Article 21 and Preventive Detention
Right to Freedom explained: Article 19 freedoms and their limits, Article 20, Article 21 and the right to privacy, Article 21A and Article 22 detention.
Delimitation in India and the Representation of the People Acts, 1950 and 1951
Delimitation in India: the four Delimitation Commissions, the seat freeze, the 2026 Bill and the Representation of the People Acts, 1950 and 1951.
Union Public Service Commission and State PSCs: Article 315 to 323, Functions and Independence
Article 315 to 323 explained: the Union Public Service Commission and State PSCs, the UPSC chairman and members, removal, functions and independence.
Article 239A and Article 370: Union Territories of Puducherry, Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh
Article 239A explained: Puducherry's Assembly, what Article 370 was and how it ended, the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act 2019, and Ladakh's demand.
Union Territories of India: List, Map, Administration and Delhi Under Article 239AA
Union territories of India explained: list and map of all eight with capitals, Articles 239 to 241, Article 240 and Delhi under Article 239AA.
Sarkaria Commission and Punchhi Commission: Centre-State Relations and Cooperative Federalism
Sarkaria Commission and Punchhi Commission on Centre-State relations: recommendations, the Rajamannar Committee, Zonal Councils and cooperative federalism.
GST Council Under Article 279A: Members, Weighted Voting, Functions and the 101st Amendment
GST Council explained: 101st Amendment, Article 279A, GST Council members and chairman, weighted voting, functions, compensation cess and Mohit Minerals.
Finance Commission and Centre-State Financial Relations: Tax Distribution, Grants-in-Aid and the GST Council
Finance Commission under Article 280 explained, with tax distribution under Articles 268 to 271, grants under Articles 275 and 282, and the GST Council.
Centre-State Administrative Relations: Article 263 Inter-State Council, All India Services and Articles 256 to 262
Article 263 and the Inter-State Council explained, with Union directions under Articles 256 and 257, All India Services, water disputes and CBI consent.
Seventh Schedule of Indian Constitution: Union, State and Concurrent Lists and Centre-State Legislative Relations
Seventh Schedule of Indian Constitution explained: Union, State and Concurrent Lists, residuary powers, Article 249 and Parliament in the State field.
Lok Adalat, NALSA and Free Legal Aid in India: Legal Services Authorities Act and Gram Nyayalayas
Lok Adalat explained: the Legal Services Authorities Act, NALSA, who gets free legal aid, Permanent and National Lok Adalats, and Gram Nyayalayas.
High Courts in India: Judges, Jurisdiction, Tribunals and Subordinate Courts
High courts in India explained: the 25 courts, appointment and retirement at 62, Article 226 writs, Article 227, tribunals and the district courts below.
Judicial Review in India: Basis, Basic Structure and Judicial Activism
Judicial review in India explained: its basis, Kesavananda Bharati and the basic structure, Minerva Mills, the Ninth Schedule and judicial activism.
Supreme Court Jurisdiction: Original, Writ, Appellate and Advisory Powers
Supreme Court jurisdiction explained: Article 131 disputes, Article 32 writs, appeals and special leave, Article 143 advice, curative petition and PIL.
Supreme Court of India: Collegium System, Appointment, Tenure and Removal of Judges
Collegium system explained: how Supreme Court judges are appointed, their qualifications, tenure and salary, the NJAC verdict and how a judge is removed.
Maritime Security of India: Piracy, High Risk Area, Coastal Security and the IMO
Maritime security of India: Somali piracy and the High Risk Area, Anti-Piracy Act 2022, coastal security after 26/11, IFC-IOR, IPMDA, SAGAR and the IMO.
Powers of the Governor: Executive, Legislative, Ordinance, Assent and Discretion
Powers of the Governor for UPSC: appointments, Assembly sessions, assent under Article 200, ordinances, pardons, discretion, floor tests and 2025 rulings.
Governor of a State: Appointment, Qualifications, Tenure, Removal and Special Duties
Governor of a State: who appoints the Governor, qualifications, salary, oath, tenure under Article 156, removal after B. P. Singhal and special duties.
Union Council of Ministers: Cabinet, Collective Responsibility and the Attorney-General
Council of Ministers for UPSC: ranks, the 15 per cent cap, Cabinet committees, collective responsibility, parliamentary control and the Attorney-General.
Prime Minister of India: Appointment, Powers, Role and Relationship With the President
Prime Minister of India for UPSC: appointment under Article 75, Article 78 duties, powers, PMO and Cabinet Secretariat, confidence votes and past papers.
Vice-President of India: Election, Rajya Sabha Chairmanship, Acting President and Removal
Vice-President of India for UPSC: election by both Houses of Parliament, Rajya Sabha Chairman's powers, acting President, removal and the 2025 poll.
Ordinance, Pardon and Emergency Powers of the President: Articles 123, 72, 352 to 360
Emergency powers of the president for UPSC: Articles 352, 356 and 360, ordinances under Article 123 and the pardoning power under Article 72.
Powers of the President of India: Executive, Legislative, Assent and Veto
Powers of the President of India for UPSC: Article 74 advice, appointments, sessions, assent and veto types, Article 143 and the 2025 opinion.
President of India: Election, Qualifications, Term and Impeachment (Articles 52 to 62)
President of India for UPSC: electoral college, value of votes, qualifications, term, vacancy, impeachment under Article 61, and India versus France.
Federal Features of the Indian Constitution: Parliamentary System, Courts and Rights
Federal features of the Indian Constitution for UPSC: strong Centre, cooperative federalism, parliamentary system, integrated judiciary, rights, emergency.
Salient Features of the Indian Constitution: Sources, Amendment and Basic Structure
Salient features of the Indian Constitution for UPSC: length, twelve Schedules, sources by country, Article 368 amendment routes and basic structure.
Constituent Assembly of India: Composition, Committees and Making of the Constitution
Constituent Assembly of India for UPSC: Cabinet Mission plan, 389 seats, committees and chairs, Drafting Committee, adoption in 1949 and the 1935 Act.
Preamble to the Indian Constitution: Ideals, 42nd Amendment and Court Rulings
Preamble to the Indian Constitution for UPSC: text, five words on the State, four ideals, the 42nd Amendment, Kesavananda and the 2024 ruling.
Fundamental Duties of the Indian Constitution: List of 11 Duties Under Article 51A
Fundamental Duties of the Indian Constitution: the 11 duties in Article 51A, the 42nd and 86th Amendments, the Verma Committee, laws and court rulings.
Directive Principles of State Policy: Articles 36 to 51, Amendments and UCC
Directive Principles for UPSC: Articles 36 to 51, Article 37, amendments, Fundamental Rights conflict, Article 31C, Article 39(b) and uniform civil code.
Citizenship in India: Articles 5 to 11, Citizenship Act, CAA and OCI
Citizenship in India for UPSC: Articles 5 to 11, the Citizenship Act 1955, modes of acquisition and loss, Section 6A, the CAA 2019 and OCI rules.
Classical Dance Forms of India: The 8 Classical Dances, Their States and Features
Classical dance forms of India: the 8 classical dances recognised by the Sangeet Natak Akademi, their states, the Natya Shastra grammar and Chhau.
Vice President Articles 63 to 71: Articles Related to the Vice President of India
Vice President articles 63 to 71 explained one by one: election, qualifications, term, removal, oath, disputes and the list of Vice Presidents.
LaQshya: The Labour Room Quality Improvement Initiative
LaQshya for UPSC: the Labour Room Quality Improvement Initiative of the Health Ministry, its goals, the facilities it covers, and its quality certification.
Right to Information Act 2005: Provisions, RTI Application, Exemptions and 2019 Amendment
Right to Information Act 2005: RTI in the Constitution, how to file an RTI, fees, time limits, Section 8 exemptions and the 2019 RTI amendment.
Women’s Movement in India: Social Reform, Women’s Organisations, Freedom Struggle and After
Women's movement in India explained: 19th-century reforms, WIA and AIWC, women in the freedom struggle, the 1970s second phase, key laws and reservation.
Reservation in India: Constitutional Articles, Categories, Percentage and Debates
Reservation in India explained: Articles 15(4) and 16(4), SC, ST, OBC and EWS quota percentage, creamy layer, Mandal Commission and the Indra Sawhney case.
Father of Indian Constitution: B. R. Ambedkar’s Role and Social Reform
Why B. R. Ambedkar is the father of Indian Constitution: his role as Drafting Committee chairman, the Poona Pact, Mahad Satyagraha and the Hindu Code Bill.
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