UPSC - CSE · General Studies II
Polity & Governance
How India is governed: the Constitution as supreme law, the institutions it creates, and the practice of federalism.
- Articles
- 35
- Topic areas
- 5
- Last updated
- Sep 2026
Article 239A and Union Territories With Legislatures: Puducherry, Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh
Article 239A explained: the Puducherry Assembly, the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act 2019, the end of Article 370, and why Ladakh has no legislature.
Union Territories of India: Articles 239 to 241, Administration and Delhi Under Article 239AA
Union territories of India explained: the list of eight with capitals, Articles 239 to 241, the Lieutenant Governor and Delhi under Article 239AA.
Sarkaria Commission and Punchhi Commission: Centre-State Relations and Cooperative Federalism
Sarkaria Commission and Punchhi Commission on Centre-State relations: recommendations, the Rajamannar Committee, Zonal Councils and cooperative federalism.
GST Council Under Article 279A: Members, Weighted Voting, Functions and the 101st Amendment
GST Council explained: 101st Amendment, Article 279A, GST Council members and chairman, weighted voting, functions, compensation cess and Mohit Minerals.
Finance Commission and Centre-State Financial Relations: Tax Distribution, Grants-in-Aid and the GST Council
Finance Commission under Article 280 explained, with tax distribution under Articles 268 to 271, grants under Articles 275 and 282, and the GST Council.
Centre-State Administrative Relations: Article 263 Inter-State Council, All India Services and Articles 256 to 262
Article 263 and the Inter-State Council explained, with Union directions under Articles 256 and 257, All India Services, water disputes and CBI consent.
Seventh Schedule of Indian Constitution: Union, State and Concurrent Lists and Centre-State Legislative Relations
Seventh Schedule of Indian Constitution explained: Union, State and Concurrent Lists, residuary powers, Article 249 and Parliament in the State field.
Lok Adalat, NALSA and Free Legal Aid in India: Legal Services Authorities Act and Gram Nyayalayas
Lok Adalat explained: the Legal Services Authorities Act, NALSA, who gets free legal aid, Permanent and National Lok Adalats, and Gram Nyayalayas.
High Courts in India: Judges, Jurisdiction, Tribunals and Subordinate Courts
High courts in India explained: the 25 courts, appointment and retirement at 62, Article 226 writs, Article 227, tribunals and the district courts below.
Judicial Review in India: Basis, Basic Structure and Judicial Activism
Judicial review in India explained: its basis, Kesavananda Bharati and the basic structure, Minerva Mills, the Ninth Schedule and judicial activism.
Supreme Court Jurisdiction: Original, Writ, Appellate and Advisory Powers
Supreme Court jurisdiction explained: Article 131 disputes, Article 32 writs, appeals and special leave, Article 143 advice, curative petition and PIL.
Supreme Court of India: Collegium System, Appointment, Tenure and Removal of Judges
Collegium system explained: how Supreme Court judges are appointed, their qualifications, tenure and salary, the NJAC verdict and how a judge is removed.
Maritime Security of India: Piracy, High Risk Area, Coastal Security and the IMO
Maritime security of India: Somali piracy and the High Risk Area, Anti-Piracy Act 2022, coastal security after 26/11, IFC-IOR, IPMDA, SAGAR and the IMO.
Powers of the Governor: Executive, Legislative, Ordinance, Assent and Discretion
Powers of the Governor for UPSC: appointments, Assembly sessions, assent under Article 200, ordinances, pardons, discretion, floor tests and 2025 rulings.
Governor of a State: Appointment, Qualifications, Tenure, Removal and Special Duties
Governor of a State: who appoints the Governor, qualifications, salary, oath, tenure under Article 156, removal after B. P. Singhal and special duties.
Union Council of Ministers: Cabinet, Collective Responsibility and the Attorney-General
Council of Ministers for UPSC: ranks, the 15 per cent cap, Cabinet committees, collective responsibility, parliamentary control and the Attorney-General.
Prime Minister of India: Appointment, Powers, Role and Relationship With the President
Prime Minister of India for UPSC: appointment under Article 75, Article 78 duties, powers, PMO and Cabinet Secretariat, confidence votes and past papers.
Vice-President of India: Election, Rajya Sabha Chairmanship, Acting President and Removal
Vice-President of India for UPSC: election by both Houses of Parliament, Rajya Sabha Chairman's powers, acting President, removal and the 2025 poll.
Ordinance, Pardon and Emergency Powers of the President: Articles 123, 72, 352 to 360
Emergency powers of the president for UPSC: Articles 352, 356 and 360, ordinances under Article 123 and the pardoning power under Article 72.
Powers of the President of India: Executive, Legislative, Assent and Veto
Powers of the President of India for UPSC: Article 74 advice, appointments, sessions, assent and veto types, Article 143 and the 2025 opinion.
President of India: Election, Qualifications, Term and Impeachment (Articles 52 to 62)
President of India for UPSC: electoral college, value of votes, qualifications, term, vacancy, impeachment under Article 61, and India versus France.
Federal Features of the Indian Constitution: Parliamentary System, Courts and Rights
Federal features of the Indian Constitution for UPSC: strong Centre, cooperative federalism, parliamentary system, integrated judiciary, rights, emergency.
Salient Features of the Indian Constitution: Sources, Amendment and Basic Structure
Salient features of the Indian Constitution for UPSC: length, twelve Schedules, sources by country, Article 368 amendment routes and basic structure.
Constituent Assembly of India: Composition, Committees and Making of the Constitution
Constituent Assembly of India for UPSC: Cabinet Mission plan, 389 seats, committees and chairs, Drafting Committee, adoption in 1949 and the 1935 Act.
Preamble to the Indian Constitution: Ideals, 42nd Amendment and Court Rulings
Preamble to the Indian Constitution for UPSC: text, five words on the State, four ideals, the 42nd Amendment, Kesavananda and the 2024 ruling.
Fundamental Duties of the Indian Constitution: List of 11 Duties Under Article 51A
Fundamental Duties of the Indian Constitution: the 11 duties in Article 51A, the 42nd and 86th Amendments, the Verma Committee, laws and court rulings.
Directive Principles of State Policy: Articles 36 to 51, Amendments and UCC
Directive Principles for UPSC: Articles 36 to 51, Article 37, amendments, Fundamental Rights conflict, Article 31C, Article 39(b) and uniform civil code.
Citizenship in India: Articles 5 to 11, Citizenship Act, CAA and OCI
Citizenship in India for UPSC: Articles 5 to 11, the Citizenship Act 1955, modes of acquisition and loss, Section 6A, the CAA 2019 and OCI rules.
Classical Dance Forms of India: The 8 Classical Dances, Their States and Features
Classical dance forms of India: the 8 classical dances recognised by the Sangeet Natak Akademi, their states, the Natya Shastra grammar and Chhau.
Vice President Articles 63 to 71: Articles Related to the Vice President of India
Vice President articles 63 to 71 explained one by one: election, qualifications, term, removal, oath, disputes and the list of Vice Presidents.
LaQshya: The Labour Room Quality Improvement Initiative
LaQshya for UPSC: the Labour Room Quality Improvement Initiative of the Health Ministry, its goals, the facilities it covers, and its quality certification.
Right to Information Act 2005: Provisions, RTI Application, Exemptions and 2019 Amendment
Right to Information Act 2005: RTI in the Constitution, how to file an RTI, fees, time limits, Section 8 exemptions and the 2019 RTI amendment.
Women’s Movement in India: Social Reform, Women’s Organisations, Freedom Struggle and After
Women's movement in India explained: 19th-century reforms, WIA and AIWC, women in the freedom struggle, the 1970s second phase, key laws and reservation.
Reservation in India: Constitutional Articles, Categories, Percentage and Debates
Reservation in India explained: Articles 15(4) and 16(4), SC, ST, OBC and EWS quota percentage, creamy layer, Mandal Commission and the Indra Sawhney case.
Father of Indian Constitution: B. R. Ambedkar’s Role and Social Reform
Why B. R. Ambedkar is the father of Indian Constitution: his role as Drafting Committee chairman, the Poona Pact, Mahad Satyagraha and the Hindu Code Bill.
No article matches that search. Try a shorter word.