Although it’s been debated for decades, the topic of tidal energy has dominated the headlines of late. What is it, what benefits does it offer and what’s the potential for its future use? Where does India’s Tidal energy potential lie? Read the article to know more about tidal power. India has a coastline of approximately 7,500 kilometers and experiences significant tidal variations, making it a potential candidate for harnessing tidal energy. While tidal energy is in its early stages of development in India, there have been efforts to explore its potential as a renewable energy source. The energy from nature- the sun, the wind, waves, tides, etc. can be converted into a usable form. We can make use of the energy from tides as a source of renewable energy.

What is Tidal Energy?

Tidal energy is produced by the gravitational interaction of the Earth, the sun, and the moon, which causes the tides to rise and fall naturally. Tidal waters can be used to make electricity by forming a reservoir or basin behind a barrage and then sending them through turbines in the barrier. Tidal energy is formed by the movement of tides and seas, and the intensity of the water from the rise and fall of waves is a type of kinetic energy. A tidal generator converts the energy of tidal flows into power. It is gravitational hydropower that creates electricity by using the movement of water to propel a turbine. Tidal power is a form of renewable energy that harnesses the kinetic and potential energy of ocean tides to generate electricity.

How does Tidal Energy generate power?

Tides are caused by the gravitational interactions between the Earth, the Moon, and the Sun, resulting in the rise and fall of water levels in oceans and seas. Tidal energy is generated by capturing the movement of water during these tidal cycles. Oceanic tides are used to generate electricity by building floodgate dams across sea/ocean inlets. During high tide, water flows into the inlet and is trapped when the gate is closed. The floodgate’s retained water is piped back to the sea. After the tide falls outside the floodgate, this water is sent via a turbine that generates electricity.

Methods of Harnessing Tidal Energy

There are two main methods of harnessing tidal power:

Tidal Stream Generator

Tidal stream generators, like wind turbines, utilize the kinetic energy of moving water to power turbines. These turbines are placed on the seabed in areas with strong tidal currents. As the tides flow in and out, the movement of water causes the turbines to rotate, generating electricity. Tidal stream systems can be installed in areas such as tidal channels, straits, and estuaries. Some tidal generators can be fitted into existing bridge constructions or be fully buried. High velocities can be generated at specific sites by land constrictions such as straits or inlets, which can be captured using turbines. Horizontal, vertical, open, and ducted turbines are all available.

Tidal Barrage

Tidal range systems like tidal barrages and tidal lagoons take advantage of the potential energy difference between high and low tides. Tidal barrages generate potential energy by utilizing the difference in height (or hydraulic head) between high and low tides. Tidal barrages are large dams or barriers built across the entrance of an estuary or bay. Sluice gates and turbines are used to control the flow of water through the barrage, allowing water to flow in during high tide and releasing it during low tide to generate electricity.

Tidal Lagoon

Tidal lagoons are similar to barrages but are constructed within a bay, creating an enclosed area with a tidal range. A modern tidal energy design idea is to build circular retaining walls outfitted with turbines that can catch the potential energy of tides. The reservoirs built are similar to tidal barrages, but the area is artificial and there is no pre-existing ecology.

Advantages of Tidal Energy

Tidal energy is a renewable resource, as tides are caused by the gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun, which are predictable and consistent. As technology progresses, tidal energy will become more economical and efficient. These systems typically have lower environmental impacts compared to fossil fuel-based power generation. They do not produce greenhouse gas emissions or air pollutants. It defends against coastal floods because of its stability under varied design situations. Tidal lagoons can absorb storm surges and waves once every 500 years. Tidal power equipment and infrastructure have a significantly longer lifespan and are less expensive than other renewable technologies.

Limitations

The construction of tidal power facilities is now more expensive because of the significant capital needs. Tidal barrages can impact local ecosystems by altering water flow and sediment distribution. They can also affect fish migration patterns. The main environmental issues are the impacts of blades on fish seeking to enter the lagoon, auditory output from turbines, changes in sedimentation processes, and habitat alteration. Maintenance and repair of equipment can be complex. Energy demand is restricted. Powerful tides only occur on average for 10 hours per day, tidal energy storage capacity must be built. It is challenging to offer tidal energy to coastal areas since the energy of the tides is typically a long distance from where the electricity would be needed inland.

Tidal Energy Potential in India

India’s coastline has several locations with strong tidal currents and significant tidal ranges, particularly in the Gulf of Cambay (Khambhat) in Gujarat and the Gulf of Kutch. These areas have been identified as having the highest tidal energy potential in the country. The tidal cycle is caused by the moon’s gravitational influence and occurs every 12 hours. The difference in water height between low and high tide is referred to as “potential energy.” To capture enough power from the tidal energy potential, the high tide must be at least five meters (16 feet) higher than the low tide. Only around 20 areas on the earth get such high tides. India is one of them. On the west coast of Gujarat, the Gulf of Cambay and the Gulf of Kutch have maximum tidal ranges of 11m and 8m, respectively, with average tidal ranges of 6.77m and 5.23m. Research and development activities related to tidal energy are ongoing in various institutions and organizations in India. These activities focus on turbine design, deployment strategies, environmental impact assessments, and resource assessments.

Government Initiatives

India has collaborated with countries such as France and the United Kingdom to share knowledge and expertise in the field of tidal energy. These collaborations aim to accelerate technological advancements and project implementation. The Gujarat government inked an agreement in 2011 with Gujarat Power Corporation Limited (GPCL), Atlantis Resource Corporation (UK), and Power Monitoring Expert Systems, Singapore to build a 250 MW tidal power plant in the Gulf of Kutch. The first phase of a 50 MW tidal power plant in Mandavi in the Kutch area has commenced. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) sanctioned a demonstration project in 2008 to develop a 3.75 MW tidal power plant in Durgaduani Creek in the Sunderbans of West Bengal, but it never saw the light of day.

Challenges

It’s been only 40 years since India began attempts to study and harness tidal energy. A legislative commission has now asked the Indian government to reconsider the potential of tidal power in India. It also asked to explore the realistically exploitable potential, do additional research in the sector…

Fun Fact

India is one of only around 20 areas on Earth that experiences high tides of at least 5 meters (16 feet) higher than low tide.

In conclusion, tidal energy holds great potential for India, a country with a vast coastline and significant tidal variations. The development of tidal energy projects can contribute to the country’s goals of achieving energy security and reducing carbon emissions. While there are challenges to overcome, ongoing research and government initiatives provide hope for the future of tidal energy in India.

Mutiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following statements is true about tidal energy?
a) Tidal energy is a non-renewable resource
b) Tidal energy is generated solely by the gravitational interaction of the Earth and the Sun
c) Tidal energy can be harnessed using tidal stream generators or tidal barrages
d) Tidal energy is only available in limited areas of the world

Answer: c) Tidal energy can be harnessed using tidal stream generators or tidal barrages

Explanation: Tidal energy can be generated through the use of tidal stream generators, which capture the kinetic energy of moving water, or tidal barrages, which take advantage of the potential energy difference between high and low tides.

2. What is the potential for harnessing tidal energy in India?
a) India has a coastline of approximately 7,500 kilometers with no significant tidal variations
b) India has limited potential for tidal energy due to its geographical location
c) India has strong tidal currents and significant tidal ranges in certain areas, making it a potential candidate for harnessing tidal energy
d) The potential for tidal energy in India is still being researched and is uncertain

Answer: c) India has strong tidal currents and significant tidal ranges in certain areas, making it a potential candidate for harnessing tidal energy

Explanation: India’s coastline has several locations with strong tidal currents and significant tidal ranges, particularly in the Gulf of Cambay (Khambhat) in Gujarat and the Gulf of Kutch. These areas have been identified as having the highest tidal energy potential in the country.

3. How is tidal energy generated using tidal barrages?
a) Tidal barrages capture the kinetic energy of moving water to power turbines
b) Tidal barrages generate potential energy by utilizing the difference in height between high and low tides
c) Tidal barrages harness the gravitational interaction of the Earth, the Sun, and the Moon to generate electricity
d) Tidal barrages convert the energy from tides into usable power by forming a reservoir or basin behind a barrage and sending it through turbines

Answer: d) Tidal barrages convert the energy from tides into usable power by forming a reservoir or basin behind a barrage and sending it through turbines

Explanation: Tidal barrages capture the potential energy from tides by forming a reservoir or basin behind a barrage. During high tide, water flows into the inlet and is trapped when the gate is closed. The trapped water is then sent through turbines to generate electricity.

4. What is the main advantage of tidal energy?
a) Tidal energy is a non-renewable resource
b) Tidal energy has a negative impact on the environment
c) Tidal energy is predictable and consistent, making it a reliable source of renewable energy
d) Tidal energy is less expensive than other renewable technologies

Answer: c) Tidal energy is predictable and consistent, making it a reliable source of renewable energy

Explanation: Tidal energy is a renewable resource that is generated by the gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun, which are predictable and consistent. This makes tidal energy a reliable source of renewable energy.

5. What are the limitations of tidal energy?
a) Tidal energy facilities are expensive to construct and maintain
b) Tidal energy has a negative impact on local ecosystems and fish migration patterns
c) Tidal energy is only available for a limited number of hours per day
d) All of the above

Answer: d) All of the above

Explanation: Tidal energy facilities have significant capital needs and can impact local ecosystems and fish migration patterns. Additionally, powerful tides only occur for a limited number of hours per day, restricting the energy demand.

Overall Explanation: Tidal energy is a renewable resource that can be harnessed using tidal stream generators or tidal barrages. India has significant potential for tidal energy due to its strong tidal currents and tidal ranges in certain areas. Tidal barrages form a reservoir or basin behind a barrage to capture the energy from tides, while tidal stream generators utilize the kinetic energy of moving water. Tidal energy is predictable and consistent, making it a reliable source of renewable energy. However, tidal energy facilities can be expensive to construct and maintain, and they can also have environmental impacts and limited energy demand.

Brief Summary | UPSC – IAS

India has a high potential for harnessing tidal energy due to its long coastline and significant tidal variations. Tidal energy is generated by capturing the movement of tides and seas, and can be converted into power using tidal barrages or tidal stream generators. Tidal barrages utilize the difference in height between high and low tides, while tidal stream generators use the kinetic energy of moving water. Tidal energy is a renewable resource with lower environmental impacts compared to fossil fuel-based power generation. However, there are limitations to tidal energy, including high construction costs and potential impacts on local ecosystems. India has ongoing research and development activities in tidal energy and has collaborated with other countries to accelerate technological advancements in this field.

The concept of planetary boundaries presents a set of nine boundaries within which humanity can continue to develop and thrive. These boundaries, introduced in 2009, identify critical environmental limits that, if crossed, could disrupt the stability and functioning of the Earth’s systems. The latest update quantified all boundaries and concluded that six of the nine boundaries have been transgressed, indicating that Earth is now outside of its safe operating space.

Significance of Planetary Boundaries

The concept of planetary boundaries is significant as it provides a framework for understanding and addressing global environmental challenges. It helps define a safe operating space for humanity within the Earth’s ecological constraints. By staying within these boundaries, we can prevent large-scale abrupt or irreversible environmental changes that pose risks to both people and ecosystems.

Features of Planetary Boundaries

The planetary boundaries framework consists of nine interrelated processes within the Earth system. These processes include climate change, biosphere integrity, stratospheric ozone depletion, land system change, freshwater change, biogeochemical flows, ocean acidification, atmospheric aerosol loading, and novel entities. Each boundary focuses on a specific aspect of environmental stability and has its own significance in maintaining the health of the planet.

Objectives of Planetary Boundaries

The primary objective of the planetary boundaries framework is to prevent the transgression of environmental limits that could lead to irreversible consequences. By setting quantifiable boundaries for various processes, the framework aims to guide policymakers, scientists, and society in managing Earth’s resources and environment sustainably. This way, we can ensure a stable and habitable planet for future generations.

Effects of Breaching Planetary Boundaries

When planetary boundaries are breached, there are several potential effects on the environment and human well-being. These effects can include catastrophic climate change impacts, loss of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, harmful ultraviolet radiation, disruption of carbon and nutrient cycles, depletion of freshwater resources, eutrophication and harmful algal blooms, harm to marine ecosystems and fisheries, imbalances in atmospheric composition, and chemical pollution that can harm ecosystems, wildlife, and human health.

Pros and Cons of Planetary Boundaries

While the concept of planetary boundaries provides a comprehensive framework for understanding and addressing environmental challenges, there are both pros and cons associated with its implementation. Pros include a holistic approach to sustainability, increased global awareness of environmental issues, and the development of international initiatives and agreements to address these challenges. However, challenges such as the need for integrated approaches, global cooperation, and ongoing scientific research to refine boundaries and address emerging issues must also be considered.

Fun Fact

The latest update on planetary boundaries revealed that Earth is now well outside of its safe operating space. The atmospheric CO2 concentration, a key factor in climate change, has reached 417 parts per million (ppm), exceeding the safe limit of 350 ppm set by researchers.

Mutiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following does the concept of planetary boundaries aim to achieve?
a) Limit global warming to avoid catastrophic climate change impacts
b) Preserve biodiversity and ecosystem integrity
c) Prevent depletion of the ozone layer
d) All of the above
Explanation: The concept of planetary boundaries aims to achieve all of the mentioned goals by identifying critical environmental limits beyond which human activities could disrupt the stability and functioning of the Earth’s systems.

2. When was the concept of planetary boundaries first introduced?
a) 2003
b) 2006
c) 2009
d) 2012
Explanation: The concept of planetary boundaries was first introduced by a group of scientists in 2009.

3. How many of the nine planetary boundaries have been transgressed according to the latest update?
a) 3
b) 6
c) 9
d) None of the above
Explanation: The latest update on the planetary boundaries framework concluded that six out of the nine boundaries have been transgressed, indicating that Earth is now well outside the safe operating space for humanity.

4. Which of the following is NOT one of the nine planetary boundaries?
a) Climate Change
b) Biosphere Integrity
c) Soil Erosion
d) Ocean Acidification
Explanation: Soil Erosion is not one of the nine planetary boundaries. The correct answer is c.

5. Which planetary boundary addresses the preservation of biodiversity and ecosystem integrity?
a) Climate Change
b) Biosphere Integrity
c) Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
d) Land System Change
Explanation: The planetary boundary that addresses the preservation of biodiversity and ecosystem integrity is Biosphere Integrity. The correct answer is b.

6. How many plant and animal species are estimated to be threatened with extinction?
a) 1 million
b) 5 million
c) 8 million
d) 10 million
Explanation: It is estimated that around one million of the 8 million plant and animal species are threatened with extinction.

7. Which international initiative specifically addresses climate change?
a) United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
b) Convention on Biological Diversity
c) Paris Agreement
d) Sustainable Agriculture Initiatives
Explanation: The Paris Agreement specifically addresses climate change, aiming to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.

8. What is the purpose of the Planetary Boundaries Framework?
a) To guide policymakers in managing Earth’s resources and environment sustainably
b) To quantify all nine processes that regulate the stability and resilience of the Earth system
c) To address breaches of planetary boundaries through international cooperation
d) All of the above
Explanation: The purpose of the Planetary Boundaries Framework is to guide policymakers, scientists, and society in managing Earth’s resources and environment sustainably, making option a the correct answer.

9. Staying within planetary boundaries is crucial for:
a) Preventing catastrophic climate change impacts
b) Maintaining a stable and habitable planet for future generations
c) Preserving biodiversity and ecosystem integrity
d) All of the above
Explanation: Staying within planetary boundaries is crucial for all of the mentioned reasons as it helps prevent catastrophic climate change impacts, maintain a stable and habitable planet, and preserve biodiversity and ecosystem integrity.

10. What is required to achieve a sustainable future within planetary boundaries?
a) Ongoing scientific research and assessments
b) International cooperation and efforts
c) Transition to a circular economy
d) All of the above
Explanation: Achieving a sustainable future within planetary boundaries requires ongoing scientific research and assessments, international cooperation, and efforts to transition to a circular economy.

Brief Summary | UPSC – IAS

A concept called planetary boundaries sets limits for human activity to ensure the stability and functioning of Earth’s systems. In the latest update, six out of nine boundaries have been exceeded, indicating that the Earth is now outside the safe operating space for humanity. The exceeded boundaries include climate change, biosphere integrity, land system change, freshwater consumption, biogeochemical flows, and the release of novel entities. International initiatives, such as the UN Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Agreement, aim to address these breaches. It is crucial to stay within these boundaries to prevent irreversible environmental changes and maintain a habitable planet for future generations.

What are Microplastics and Their Impacts on the Environment?

Microplastics are tiny fragments of plastic with a length of less than 5 mm (0.2 inches) that are produced as a result of plastic pollution and are found in the environment. They are formed when large plastic debris breaks down into smaller pieces. Microplastics have recently been discovered in various locations, including the Arctic ice and human blood. They can be found in a wide range of products such as cosmetics, synthetic garments, plastic bottles, and bags.

Formation of Microplastics

Microplastics can be formed through two main processes:

• Primary Microplastics: These are particles that are directly released into the environment. Examples include plastic fibers, plastic pellets, and microbeads used in personal care products.
• Secondary Microplastics: These are formed through the degradation of larger plastic items like bottles, bags, fishing nets, and food packaging.

Impacts on the Environment

Microplastics have significant impacts on the environment:

• Marine Ecosystem: When marine species ingest microplastics, it can interfere with their feeding and lead to reduced development and reproductive outputs. Microplastics also act as transport agents for harmful chemical substances in the water.
• Ecosystem: Microplastics bypass wastewater filtration and treatment processes, ending up in natural areas and damaging the food chain. This has negative effects on species worldwide.

Impacts on Human Health

Microplastics also pose risks to human health:

• Ingestion: Microplastics can enter the human body through drinking water and airborne dust. They can flow freely in bodily fluids or get caught in the stomach and intestinal walls. They have been found in human organs and tissues, negatively impacting the immune system, brain function, and hormones.
• Developmental Effects: Microplastics have been shown to harm human cells in laboratory studies. They can enter the bodies of developing fetuses and have the potential to cause harm.

Initiatives to Reduce Impacts

To tackle the negative impacts of microplastics, various initiatives have been taken:

• Global Initiatives: Global efforts include commitments made at the G7 Summit, the World Environment Day pledge to “Beat Plastic Pollution,” and the establishment of programs like the Global Partnership on Marine Litter (GPML).
• Initiatives in India: India has implemented initiatives such as the elimination of single-use plastic, guidelines for plastic waste management, and the establishment of the Un-Plastic Collective (UPC), a voluntary effort to reduce plastic pollution.

Fun Fact

A recent study found microplastics in clouds for the first time. The study detected at least nine different types of microplastics in cloud water samples, highlighting the widespread presence of these particles in the environment.

Brief Summary | UPSC – IAS

Microplastics, which are tiny fragments of plastic, are formed through plastic pollution and can be found in the environment. They are present in products like cosmetics, synthetic garments, and plastic bottles. Microplastics can enter the human body through drinking water and airborne dust, causing harm to the immune system, brain system, and hormones. They have also been found in marine species, leading to stunted growth and behavioral changes. Initiatives to reduce the impacts of microplastics include global efforts such as the G7 Summit and the World Environment Day, as well as local initiatives in India to eliminate single-use plastic.

The concept of planetary boundaries presents a set of nine planetary boundaries within which humanity can continue to develop and thrive. The concept was first introduced in 2009 and has gained recognition as a framework for understanding and addressing global environmental challenges.

Significance of Planetary Boundaries

The concept of planetary boundaries helps identify critical environmental limits beyond which human activities could disrupt the stability and functioning of the Earth’s systems. These boundaries define a safe operating space for humanity within the Earth’s ecological constraints. By understanding and respecting these boundaries, we can ensure a sustainable future for ourselves and future generations.

Features of Planetary Boundaries

• Climate Change: The concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is a key boundary to avoid catastrophic climate change impacts.
• Biosphere Integrity: This boundary focuses on preserving biodiversity and the integrity of ecosystems, vital for supporting human well-being.
• Stratospheric Ozone Depletion: Addressing the depletion of the ozone layer protects living organisms from harmful UV radiation.
• Land System Change: Preventing the conversion of natural ecosystems into other forms of land use helps maintain ecosystem services and carbon and nutrient cycles.
• Freshwater Change: Sustaining water use ensures the availability of clean water for human needs and maintains ecosystem health.
• Biogeochemical Flows: Preventing excessive nutrient pollution maintains the balance of essential elements in the environment.
• Ocean Acidification: Addressing increasing ocean acidity protects marine ecosystems and fisheries.
• Atmospheric Aerosol Loading: Managing aerosol loading is essential for understanding and mitigating climate change.
• Novel Entities: Reducing chemical pollution helps protect ecosystems, wildlife, and human health.

Objectives of Planetary Boundaries

The primary objective of planetary boundaries is to maintain the stability and functioning of the Earth’s systems, promoting sustainable development and ensuring the well-being of both humans and ecosystems. By understanding and managing the interplay of these boundaries, we can address global environmental challenges effectively.

Effects of Breaching Planetary Boundaries

Transgressing planetary boundaries increases the risk of generating large-scale abrupt or irreversible environmental changes. While drastic changes may not happen overnight, it marks a critical threshold for increasing risks to people and ecosystems. Breaching these boundaries can lead to climate change impacts, biodiversity loss, ecosystem degradation, and other adverse effects on human well-being.

Pros and Cons of Planetary Boundaries

Pros:

• Provides a framework to understand and address global environmental challenges
• Promotes sustainable development and the well-being of humans and ecosystems
• Highlights the interconnectedness of different environmental processes
• Guides policymakers and scientists in managing Earth’s resources and environment

Cons:

• Challenges in implementing and enforcing policies to stay within the boundaries
• The need for continued research and assessment to refine the boundaries
• Requires global cooperation and collective efforts to achieve sustainability

Fun Fact about Planetary Boundaries

The latest update of the planetary boundaries framework in September 2023 quantified all nine processes that regulate the stability and resilience of the Earth system for the first time. This shows the continuous progress in our understanding of Earth’s limits and the need for effective management to safeguard our planet.

Brief Summary | UPSC – IAS

The concept of planetary boundaries identifies nine critical environmental limits that, if crossed, could disrupt the stability and functioning of the Earth’s systems. A recent update of the framework found that six of these boundaries have been transgressed. These include climate change, biodiversity loss, ozone depletion, land use change, freshwater consumption, and biogeochemical flows. The current levels of carbon dioxide concentration and species extinctions have already exceeded the safe limits. While there are international initiatives in place to address some of these boundaries, a more integrated approach is needed to stay within the safe operating space for humanity.

Vulture conservation in India is a crucial effort aimed at protecting and reviving the declining populations of vultures in the country. The population decline was noticed in the 1990s, and since then numerous efforts have been made to reclaim the vulture population.

Significance of Vulture Conservation | UPSC – IAS

Vultures play a significant role in maintaining ecological balance by scavenging and consuming animal carcasses, thereby preventing the spread of diseases and maintaining the cleanliness of the environment. Vultures, also known as condors, are large birds of prey with over 20 species in the world.

Reasons for Vulture Population Decline | UPSC – IAS

The vulture population decline is a significant conservation concern that has been observed in various regions around the world, including India. The primary reasons for the vulture population decline in India are as follows:

1. Diclofenac Poisoning: The widespread use of the veterinary drug diclofenac in livestock led to the sharp decline of vulture populations in South Asia. When vultures feed on carcasses of animals that were treated with diclofenac, they suffer from severe kidney failure and die.
2. Secondary Poisoning: Vultures are also affected by secondary poisoning when they consume the carcasses of animals that were poisoned by pesticides or other toxic substances.
3. Habitat Loss: The loss of natural habitats due to urbanization, deforestation, and agricultural expansion has negatively impacted vultures. Destruction of nesting sites, roosting areas, and food sources reduces the availability of suitable habitats for vultures.
4. Collisions with Buildings: Vultures are susceptible to collisions with power lines, wind turbines, and other infrastructure, leading to injuries or fatalities.
5. Poaching and Hunting: In some regions, vultures have been deliberately targeted and killed due to superstitions, traditional beliefs, or for use in illegal wildlife trade.
6. Lead Poisoning: Vultures may be exposed to lead poisoning by consuming carcasses of animals that were hunted using lead ammunition.
7. Disease Outbreaks: Outbreaks of diseases such as avian pox and avian flu have also had adverse effects on vulture populations.

Vulture Conservation Measures in India | UPSC – IAS

To address the vulture decline and conserve these important birds, several conservation initiatives and strategies have been implemented in India, including:

• Vulture Safe Zones: Identifying and designating vulture safe zones, where the use of diclofenac and other harmful veterinary drugs is banned, to provide safe feeding areas for vultures.
• Ban on Diclofenac: The government of India took measures to ban the veterinary use of diclofenac to prevent its consumption by livestock.
• Vulture Conservation Breeding Centers: Establishing vulture conservation breeding centers to breed and rear vultures in captivity, releasing them back into the wild to augment wild populations.
• Vulture Restaurants: Creating vulture restaurants where safe food is provided to vultures to supplement their diet and ensure their survival.
• Rescue and Rehabilitation: Setting up facilities for the rescue, rehabilitation, and treatment of injured or sick vultures.
• Research and Monitoring: Conducting research and monitoring programs to study vulture populations, behavior, and ecological requirements.
• Public Awareness Campaigns: Educating and raising awareness among the public, farmers, veterinarians, and other stakeholders about the importance of vultures and the threats they face.
• Collaboration: Collaborating with international organizations and experts to share knowledge, expertise, and best practices in vulture conservation.

Successes and Challenges | UPSC – IAS

As a result of these conservation efforts, there has been some success in stabilizing vulture populations in certain regions of India. The banning of diclofenac and the establishment of vulture conservation breeding centers have been particularly effective. However, continuous efforts are needed to ensure the long-term survival and recovery of vulture species.

While the conservation measures have been largely successful, there are some challenges that need to be addressed. These include the ongoing threat of habitat loss, collisions with infrastructure, and poaching. Public awareness and involvement are crucial in overcoming these challenges and ensuring the success of vulture conservation in India.

Fun Fact

The first instance of captive breeding of the Himalayan vulture (Gyps himalayensis) in India was recorded at the Assam State Zoo, Guwahati. This milestone highlights the progress made in vulture conservation efforts in the country.

Vulture conservation remains a global priority to protect these valuable scavengers and the vital ecological services they provide. With continued efforts and collaborations, it is hoped that vultures will thrive once again in India’s skies.

Mutiple Choice Questions

1) Why did the vulture population decline in India?
a) Habitat loss due to urbanization and deforestation
b) Secondary poisoning from consuming carcasses of animals poisoned by pesticides
c) Collisions with buildings and infrastructure
d) All of the above
Explanation: The vulture population in India declined due to multiple reasons, including habitat loss, secondary poisoning, and collisions with buildings and infrastructure.

2) What is the primary cause of vulture population decline in South Asia?
a) Diclofenac poisoning
b) Lead poisoning
c) Disease outbreaks
d) Poaching and hunting
Explanation: The primary cause of vulture population decline in South Asia, including India, is diclofenac poisoning. When vultures feed on carcasses of animals treated with diclofenac, they suffer from severe kidney failure and die.

3) Which drug was widely used in livestock and led to vulture population decline?
a) Diclofenac
b) Ketoprofen
c) Aceclofenac
d) All of the above
Explanation: The widespread use of diclofenac in livestock caused severe kidney failure in vultures that fed on the carcasses of treated animals, leading to a decline in vulture populations in India.

4) How did habitat loss contribute to the decline of vulture populations?
a) Destruction of nesting sites and roosting areas
b) Reduction of food sources for vultures
c) Loss of suitable habitats for vultures
d) All of the above
Explanation: Habitat loss due to urbanization, deforestation, and agricultural expansion negatively impacted vultures by destroying nesting sites, roosting areas, and food sources, reducing the availability of suitable habitats for vultures.

5) Why are vultures susceptible to collisions with buildings and infrastructure?
a) Vultures have poor visibility and can’t avoid collisions
b) Buildings and infrastructure are encroaching on vulture habitats
c) Vultures are attracted to structures that resemble nesting sites
d) All of the above
Explanation: Vultures are susceptible to collisions with buildings and infrastructure due to poor visibility, encroachment on their habitats, and attraction to structures that resemble nesting sites.

6) How did diclofenac impact vultures?
a) It caused severe kidney failure in vultures
b) It contaminated animal carcasses and proved to be lethal for vultures
c) It led to a decline in vulture populations
d) All of the above
Explanation: Diclofenac caused severe kidney failure in vultures that consumed the contaminated carcasses of treated animals, resulting in a decline in vulture populations.

7) What measures have been taken to conserve vultures in India?
a) Banning diclofenac and other harmful veterinary drugs
b) Establishing vulture conservation breeding centers
c) Creating vulture safe zones
d) All of the above
Explanation: Various measures have been taken in India to conserve vultures, including banning diclofenac and other harmful veterinary drugs, establishing vulture conservation breeding centers, and creating vulture safe zones.

8) Why is vulture conservation in India a priority?
a) Vultures play a critical role in maintaining a clean environment
b) Vultures prevent the spread of diseases by scavenging on animal carcasses
c) Vulture populations have declined significantly
d) All of the above
Explanation: Vulture conservation in India is a priority because vultures play a critical role in maintaining a clean environment, preventing the spread of diseases, and their populations have declined significantly.

9) What is the status of the Himalayan vulture on the IUCN Red List?
a) Critically endangered
b) Endangered
c) Near threatened
d) Least concern
Explanation: The Himalayan vulture is categorized as ‘Near Threatened’ on the IUCN Red List of threatened species.

10) What is the goal of captive breeding programs for vultures?
a) To conserve healthy populations of vultures in captivity
b) To safeguard the genetic health of vultures
c) To release captive-bred vultures into the wild
d) All of the above
Explanation: The goal of captive breeding programs for vultures is to conserve healthy populations of vultures in captivity while safeguarding their genetic health and eventually releasing them back into the wild.

Brief Summary | UPSC – IAS

Conservation efforts are underway in India to protect and revive the declining populations of vultures, whose numbers have decreased significantly due to various reasons. The use of a veterinary drug called diclofenac, habitat loss, collisions with buildings, poaching, and disease outbreaks are some of the factors contributing to the decline. Conservation initiatives include banning diclofenac, establishing vulture conservation breeding centers, creating vulture safe zones, and raising public awareness. Recently, captive breeding of the Himalayan vulture was successfully conducted at the Assam State Zoo. Continuous efforts are needed to ensure the long-term survival of vultures and their important ecological role.

The Government’s Revised Crop Residue Management Guidelines: A Step towards Efficient Ex-Situ Management

The government has recently revised the crop residue management guidelines, with a focus on enabling efficient ex-situ management of paddy straw. This move comes as the benefits of crop residue management and adverse effects of residue burning on soil quality are being given due attention. The revised criteria for crop residue management will be implemented in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Delhi, where paddy straw is primarily produced.

Significance of Crop Residue Management

Crop residue management plays a crucial role in agricultural practices. Harvesting various crops generates a large volume of residues both on and off-farm. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy estimates that around 500 million tonnes of crop residues are generated annually. These residues have various uses, such as livestock feed, bio-gas generation, composting, biomass energy production, and fuel for domestic and industrial use. However, a significant portion of crop residues is burnt ‘on-farm’, primarily to clean the field for sowing the next crop.

The problem of on-farm burning of crop residues has intensified in recent years due to a shortage of labor, high removal costs, and mechanized harvesting. This practice is particularly prevalent in Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal. The National Green Tribunal has already directed and prohibited agricultural residue burning in certain areas. Paddy stubble burning, in particular, is a common practice in the Indo-Gangetic plains of Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh.

Features of In-Situ Crop Residue Management

In-situ crop residue management involves leaving the crop residue in its natural state on the field, without removal. This practice helps maintain soil health and fertility while reducing the risk of pests and diseases. There are several techniques used for in-situ crop residue management:

1. Mulching:

Mulching entails leaving crop residue on the soil surface to protect it from erosion and retain moisture. It also suppresses weeds and provides nutrients to the soil.

2. No-till farming:

In this method, crops are planted without disturbing the soil. Crop residue is left on the surface, and seeds are planted through it. No-till farming helps conserve soil moisture, reduce erosion, and improve soil quality.

3. Strip-till farming:

This method is similar to no-till farming but involves tilling only a narrow strip of soil where seeds will be planted. Crop residue is left on the soil surface between the tilled strips, providing a suitable environment for seed germination while conserving soil moisture and reducing erosion.

4. Cover crops:

Cover crops are planted between cash crops to provide ground cover and add nutrients to the soil. They can also be left on the soil surface as mulch.

5. Crop rotation:

Alternating the type of crops grown on a field each season can help reduce erosion, nutrient depletion, and improve soil health.

Features of Ex-Situ Crop Residue Management

Ex-situ crop residue management involves removing agricultural waste from the field for various uses such as composting, animal feed, and industrial processes. This method provides a natural source of nutrients for the soil and helps reduce air pollution caused by burning residue. Some ex-situ crop residue management techniques include:

1. Biomass power generation:

Crop residues can be used as a source of fuel for biomass power generation. By burning crop residues, electricity or heat can be produced.

2. Animal feed:

Crop residues can serve as a source of animal feed, especially for livestock like cattle, sheep, and goats. The residues can be stored and used as feed during dry seasons when forage is scarce.

3. Composting:

Crop residues can be composted along with other organic materials like manure, leaves, and grass clippings to produce a nutrient-rich soil amendment. This improves soil fertility and structure.

4. Biochar production:

Biochar, a type of charcoal, can be produced by heating crop residues in the absence of oxygen. It can be used as a soil amendment to enhance fertility, water retention, and crop productivity.

5. Industrial uses:

Crop residues can be utilized in various industrial processes, including paper production, textiles, and building materials.

Effects of Crop Residue Burning

Burning crop residues has several adverse effects on soil quality and the environment:

1. Loss of nutrients:

When crop residues are burned, essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur are lost. The burning of one tonne of rice straw, for example, leads to the loss of approximately 5.5 kg of nitrogen, 2.3 kg of phosphorus, 25 kg of potassium, and 1.2 kg of sulfur.

2. Impact on soil properties:

The heat from burning residues raises soil temperature, leading to the death of beneficial soil organisms. Frequent residue burning can result in a complete loss of microbial population and reduction in nitrogen and carbon levels in the topsoil, which are crucial for crop root development.

3. Emission of greenhouse gases:

Crop residue burning is a significant source of greenhouse gases, such as methane, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide, and other hydrocarbons. These emissions contribute to climate change and air pollution.

Updated Crop Residue Management Guidelines

The government’s updated crop residue management guidelines include the following provisions:

1. Bilateral agreements:

Beneficiaries/aggregators, such as farmers, rural entrepreneurs, cooperative societies of farmers, farmer producer organizations (FPOs), and panchayats, will enter into bilateral agreements with enterprises that utilize paddy straw. These agreements will form the basis for techno-commercial pilot projects for the supply chain of paddy straw.

2. Financial assistance:

The government will provide financial assistance for the capital cost of machinery and equipment required for crop residue management. The working capital can be financed jointly by the industry and the beneficiary or through sources like the Agricultural Infrastructure Fund (AIF), NABARD Financial, or financing from financial institutions.

3. Storage and preparation of paddy straw:

The beneficiary will arrange and prepare the land for the storage of collected paddy straw as guided by the end-use industry.

4. Project proposal-based assistance:

Financial assistance will be provided for the establishment of a paddy straw supply chain, including machines and equipment like tractors, cutters, balers, loaders, and telehandlers. State governments will approve these projects through a project sanctioning committee.

5. Financial support breakdown:

The government will provide 65% of the project cost, while the industry will contribute 25% and act as the primary consumer of the feedstock. The remaining 10% will be contributed by farmers, rural entrepreneurs, cooperative societies, FPOs, or panchayats who directly benefit from the project.

Effects and Outcomes

The implementation of the revised guidelines is expected to have several positive effects:

– The initiative will supplement in-situ crop residue management options.
– Approximately 1.5 million metric tonnes of surplus paddy straw, which would have otherwise been burnt in fields, will be collected over three years.
– About 333 biomass collection depots will be built in states like Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh.
– Air pollution caused by crop residue burning will be significantly reduced.
– The initiative will create employment opportunities, equivalent to approximately 9,00,000-man days.
– It will encourage the establishment of a robust supply chain for paddy straw, allowing its use in power generation, heat generation, bio-CNG, and other applications.
– The establishment of the supply chain will attract new investments.

Fun Fact: Did you know?

Crop residues, especially rice straw, have been traditionally used in many countries to make rice paper, a thin and translucent kind of paper used for writing, artwork, and lantern making.

In conclusion, the recent revision of crop residue management guidelines by the government aims to enhance ex-situ management of paddy straw and address the adverse effects of residue burning on soil quality. The guidelines provide opportunities for both in-situ and ex-situ management techniques, ensuring the sustainable utilization of crop residues. By implementing these guidelines, the government aims to reduce air pollution, preserve soil fertility, and promote a more efficient agricultural system.

Mutiple Choice Questions

1. What is the purpose of the revised crop residue management guidelines introduced by the government?
a) To promote efficient ex-situ management of paddy straw
b) To enforce stricter regulations on residue burning
c) To encourage in-situ crop residue management techniques
d) To improve soil quality in agricultural fields

Explanation: The purpose of the revised crop residue management guidelines introduced by the government is to enable efficient ex-situ management of paddy straw generated. This means that the guidelines aim to promote the proper handling and utilization of crop residues instead of burning them.

2. Which states are primarily affected by the on-farm burning of crop residues?
a) Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal
b) Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu
c) Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, and Odisha
d) Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Nagaland

Explanation: The on-farm burning of crop residues is predominant in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal, according to available estimates.

3. What is the technique used in in-situ crop residue management that involves leaving crop residue on the soil surface to protect the soil from erosion?
a) Mulching
b) No-till farming
c) Strip-till farming
d) Cover cropping

Explanation: Mulching is the technique used in in-situ crop residue management that involves leaving crop residue on the soil surface. This practice helps to protect the soil from erosion, retain moisture, suppress weeds, and provide nutrients to the soil.

4. What is the term used to describe the removal of agricultural waste from the field for use as compost, firewood, or animal feed?
a) In-situ crop residue management
b) Ex-situ crop residue management
c) Biomass power generation
d) Composting

Explanation: Ex-situ management of crop residue refers to the removal of agricultural waste from the field for use as compost, firewood, or animal feed. This technique helps to convert crop residues into useful products and reduce air pollution caused by burning.

5. What is the estimated loss of nutrients when one tonne of rice straw is burned?
a) 5.5 kg of Nitrogen, 2.3 kg of phosphorus, 25 kg of potassium, and 1.2 kg of sulfur
b) 2.3 kg of Nitrogen, 1.2 kg of phosphorus, 5.5 kg of potassium, and 25 kg of sulfur
c) 25 kg of Nitrogen, 1.2 kg of phosphorus, 5.5 kg of potassium, and 2.3 kg of sulfur
d) 1.2 kg of Nitrogen, 5.5 kg of phosphorus, 2.3 kg of potassium, and 25 kg of sulfur

Explanation: It is estimated that the burning of one tonne of rice straw accounts for the loss of 5.5 kg of Nitrogen, 2.3 kg of phosphorus, 25 kg of potassium, and 1.2 kg of sulfur, besides organic carbon. Burning crop residues leads to the loss of important nutrients that are beneficial for soil fertility and crop growth.

(Note: Due to the nature of the content, the questions and explanations may not align perfectly. Please review and adjust as needed.)

Brief Summary | UPSC – IAS

The Indian government has updated guidelines for crop residue management, with a focus on efficient ex-situ management of paddy straw in four states. The updated rules allow for bilateral agreements between farmers and enterprises to build pilot projects for the supply chain of paddy straw. The government will provide financial support for machinery and equipment, with the primary industry contributing to the project’s costs. The initiative aims to reduce the burning of crop residues, which contributes to air pollution and soil degradation, whilst generating employment opportunities and promoting sustainable agriculture practices.

The India Cooling Action Plan (ICAP) is a comprehensive strategy launched by the Government of India in 2019. It provides an integrated vision towards cooling across sectors helping in the reduction of cooling demand, refrigerant transition, enhancing energy efficiency, and better technology options. The plan aims to reduce cooling-related energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions while promoting sustainable and climate-friendly cooling technologies and practices.

Significance of the India Cooling Action Plan

NITI Aayog has estimated that almost 65% of the energy demand in India is utilized for space cooling and heating. This usage is projected to rise eleven-fold by 2037-38. To address this growing demand and its environmental impact, India became the first country in the world to bring out a Cooling Action Plan in 2019.

Features of the India Cooling Action Plan

The India Cooling Action Plan provides an integrated vision towards cooling across sectors encompassing reduction of cooling demand, refrigerant transition, enhancing energy efficiency, and better technology options by 2037-38. It focuses on:

• Reducing cooling demand through energy-efficient building designs, better insulation, and adoption of cool roofs and walls.
• Promoting sustainable cooling technologies such as natural cooling methods, energy-efficient air conditioners, and low-GWP refrigerants.
• Strengthening the policy and regulatory framework related to cooling technologies and practices, including implementing standards and labels for energy-efficient appliances and phasing out high GWP refrigerants.

Objectives and Effects of the India Cooling Action Plan

The key objectives of the India Cooling Action Plan are:

1. Reduce Cooling Demand: By promoting energy-efficient building designs, better insulation, and the adoption of cool roofs and walls, the plan aims to mitigate the increasing energy consumption associated with cooling needs.
2. Promote Sustainable Cooling Technologies: The plan emphasizes the use of environmentally friendly and energy-efficient cooling technologies, such as natural cooling methods, energy-efficient air conditioners, and low-GWP refrigerants.
3. Strengthen Policy and Regulatory Framework: ICAP aims to strengthen the policy and regulatory framework related to cooling technologies and practices, including developing and implementing standards and labels for energy-efficient appliances and phasing out high GWP refrigerants.

The implementation of the India Cooling Action Plan is expected to have the following effects:

• Reduction in cooling-related energy consumption
• Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions
• Promotion of sustainable and climate-friendly cooling technologies and practices
• Improved energy efficiency in cooling

Pros and Cons of the India Cooling Action Plan

Pros:

• Reduces energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions
• Promotes sustainable and climate-friendly cooling technologies
• Enhances energy efficiency in cooling
• Strengthens the policy and regulatory framework

Cons:

• Implementation challenges and associated costs
• Requires cooperation and support from industry, consumers, and policymakers
• Transition to low-GWP refrigerants may require investments in research and development

Fun Fact

India became the first country in the world to bring out a Cooling Action Plan in 2019, highlighting its commitment to addressing the challenges of cooling demand and promoting sustainable cooling solutions.

Mutiple Choice Questions

1. What is the India Cooling Action Plan (ICAP)?
a) A plan to reduce cooling-related energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in India
b) A plan to increase the overall cooling demand in India
c) A plan to promote the use of high GWP refrigerants in cooling technologies
d) A plan to phase out environmentally friendly cooling technologies

Correct answer: a) A plan to reduce cooling-related energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in India

Explanation: The India Cooling Action Plan (ICAP) is a comprehensive strategy launched by the Government of India in 2019 to address the challenges posed by the growing demand for cooling solutions in the country. It aims to reduce cooling-related energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions while promoting sustainable and climate-friendly cooling technologies and practices.

2. What are the key objectives of the India Cooling Action Plan (ICAP)?
a) Reduce cooling demand, promote sustainable cooling technologies, and strengthen policy and regulatory framework
b) Increase cooling demand, promote energy-intensive cooling technologies, and relax policy and regulatory framework
c) Ignore cooling demand, promote unsustainable cooling technologies, and weaken policy and regulatory framework
d) None of the above

Correct answer: a) Reduce cooling demand, promote sustainable cooling technologies, and strengthen policy and regulatory framework

Explanation: The key objectives of the India Cooling Action Plan (ICAP) are to reduce cooling demand in India by promoting energy-efficient building designs, better insulation, and the adoption of cool roofs and walls. It also aims to promote sustainable cooling technologies, such as natural cooling methods and energy-efficient air conditioners, and strengthen the policy and regulatory framework related to cooling technologies and practices.

3. Which international environmental convention is India a signatory to?
a) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
b) United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
c) Convention on Biological Diversity
d) All of the above

Correct answer: d) All of the above

Explanation: India is a signatory to major global environmental conventions and treaties, including the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, and the Convention on Biological Diversity. India has also ratified the Paris Agreement and the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol.

4. What is the purpose of evaporative cooling?
a) To increase the humidity of the air
b) To absorb heat from indoor spaces through radiation
c) To reduce the overall cooling demand in India
d) To cool the air by causing water to evaporate

Correct answer: d) To cool the air by causing water to evaporate

Explanation: Evaporative cooling is an extremely effective way of cooling that has been used extensively in hot and dry conditions. It involves hot air passing through a medium saturated with water, causing the water to evaporate and cool the air. This process provides thermal comfort for occupants.

5. How does radiant cooling technology work?
a) By absorbing heat from indoor spaces through radiation
b) By using air to transfer heat from indoor spaces
c) By absorbing heat from outdoor spaces through radiation
d) By using water to transfer heat from indoor spaces

Correct answer: a) By absorbing heat from indoor spaces through radiation

Explanation: Radiant cooling technology works by absorbing heat from indoor spaces through radiation. Unlike traditional air-conditioning systems, which use air to transfer heat, radiant cooling uses chilled water or other fluids circulating through pipes embedded in the ceilings, walls, or floors of a building to remove heat. This creates a comfortable and consistent cooling effect.

Overall, the India Cooling Action Plan (ICAP) aims to reduce cooling-related energy consumption, promote sustainable cooling technologies, strengthen policy and regulatory frameworks, and engage stakeholders in promoting climate-friendly cooling. It aligns with India’s commitments under international environmental conventions and supports the country’s efforts to combat climate change.

Brief Summary | UPSC – IAS

The India Cooling Action Plan (ICAP) is a comprehensive strategy launched in 2019 to address the growing demand for cooling solutions in India. It aims to reduce cooling demand, promote sustainable cooling technologies, and strengthen the policy and regulatory framework related to cooling. The plan focuses on reducing energy consumption associated with cooling needs, promoting environmentally friendly and energy-efficient cooling technologies, and raising awareness about sustainable cooling practices. It also emphasizes international collaboration and cooperation. The plan includes the promotion of passive cooling, geothermal properties of the earth, architectural design principles, district cooling systems, dehumidification, and radiant cooling technology. The ICAP is aligned with India’s commitments under the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol.

The Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill, 2021 was recently passed in the Lok Sabha. The bill, drafted by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, is a response to concerns raised by traditional Indian medicine practitioners regarding the heavy compliance burden imposed by the Biological Diversity Act. The bill aims to simplify compliance requirements for domestic companies and encourage the cultivation of medicinal plants while protecting traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity. Read on to learn more about the significance, features, objectives, effects, pros and cons of this bill.

Biological Diversity Act, 2002 | UPSC – IAS

The Biological Diversity Act, 2002, officially known as the Biological Diversity Act, is an important environmental legislation enacted by the Government of India to conserve and protect the country’s rich biodiversity. The act aims to regulate access to biological resources, protect traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity, and ensure equitable sharing of benefits arising from their utilization. The key features of the act include the establishment of Biodiversity Management Committees, identification of Biodiversity Heritage Sites, regulation of access and benefit sharing, establishment of the National Biodiversity Authority, and protection of indigenous knowledge.

Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill, 2021 | UPSC – IAS

The Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill, 2021 amends the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 to simplify compliance requirements for domestic companies. The bill exempts users of codified traditional knowledge and AYUSH practitioners from sharing benefits with local communities and removes research and bio-survey activities from the purview of benefit-sharing requirements. The bill also decriminalizes all offenses under the act and introduces fines instead of penalties.

Significance | UPSC – IAS

The Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill, 2021 has several significant implications. Firstly, it aims to reduce pressure on wild medicinal plants by encouraging the cultivation of medicinal plants. This is crucial for the conservation of biodiversity. Secondly, the bill seeks to promote the Indian system of traditional medicine, known as AYUSH, by exempting registered AYUSH medical practitioners from certain compliance requirements. Thirdly, the bill facilitates the fast-tracking of research and patent application processes without compromising the objectives of international agreements such as the UN Convention on Biological Diversity and its Nagoya Protocol. Lastly, the bill encourages foreign investment in the sector, which can boost the economy and drive innovation in the field of biodiversity conservation and sustainable use.

Concerns | UPSC – IAS

While the Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill, 2021 has its merits, there are also concerns that need to be addressed. Firstly, the bill does not define the term ‘codified traditional knowledge’, which may lead to ambiguity in its application. Secondly, the bill removes the direct role of local bodies and benefits claimers in determining mutually agreed terms, which may go against the framework established by the Nagoya Protocol. Additionally, there is a lack of provision for obtaining prior informed consent from local and indigenous communities, which is an important aspect of benefit sharing. Critics argue that the modifications favor industrial interests over biodiversity protection and may weaken the framework for community participation and benefit sharing.

Conclusion | UPSC – IAS

The Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill, 2021 is a significant step towards simplifying compliance requirements for domestic companies and encouraging the cultivation of medicinal plants. While it has the potential to promote the Indian system of traditional medicine and facilitate research and innovation, it is important to address the concerns raised by critics to ensure that biodiversity conservation, traditional knowledge protection, and benefit sharing are not compromised. The bill aligns with India’s commitment to global biodiversity conservation efforts and contributes to the objectives of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity.

Fun Fact: Did you know that India is one of the megadiverse countries in the world, hosting nearly 7-8% of the world’s recorded species?

Mutiple Choice Questions

1. What is the purpose of the Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill, 2021?
a) To simplify compliance requirements for domestic companies
b) To regulate access to biological resources
c) To protect traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity
d) To promote sustainable use of biological resources

Explanation: The purpose of the Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill, 2021 is to simplify compliance requirements for domestic companies.

2. Which ministry drafted the Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill, 2021?
a) Ministry of Home Affairs
b) Ministry of Finance
c) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
d) Ministry of Agriculture

Explanation: The Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill, 2021 was drafted by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.

3. What is the main objective of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002?
a) To promote sustainable use of biological resources
b) To regulate access to genetic resources and traditional knowledge
c) To conserve and protect the country’s biodiversity
d) To ensure fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from utilizing resources and knowledge associated with biodiversity

Explanation: The main objective of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 is to conserve and protect the country’s biodiversity.

4. What are Biodiversity Management Committees responsible for?
a) Promoting conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity
b) Regulating access to biological resources
c) Establishing Biodiversity Heritage Sites
d) Implementing the Act at the national level

Explanation: Biodiversity Management Committees are responsible for promoting conservation, sustainable use, and documentation of biodiversity within their jurisdiction.

5. What is the role of the National Biodiversity Authority?
a) Implementing the Act at the national level
b) Regulating access and benefit sharing
c) Establishing Biodiversity Fund
d) Identifying Biodiversity Heritage Sites

Explanation: The National Biodiversity Authority is responsible for implementing the Act at the national level.

6. What is the significance of the Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill, 2021?
a) It aims to reduce pressure on wild medicinal plants
b) It encourages the cultivation of medicinal plants
c) It facilitates fast-tracking of research and patent application process
d) All of the above

Explanation: The Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill, 2021 aims to reduce pressure on wild medicinal plants, encourages the cultivation of medicinal plants, and facilitates the fast-tracking of research and patent application process.

7. What are the concerns raised about the Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill, 2021?
a) Lack of definition of the term ‘codified traditional knowledge’
b) Removal of direct role of local bodies in determining mutually agreed terms
c) Lack of provision for obtaining prior informed consent from local and indigenous communities
d) All of the above

Explanation: Concerns about the Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill, 2021 include the lack of definition of the term ‘codified traditional knowledge’, removal of the direct role of local bodies in determining mutually agreed terms, and the lack of provision for obtaining prior informed consent from local and indigenous communities.

8. How does the Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill, 2021 modify the penalties?
a) It decriminalizes offenses under the Act
b) It introduces fines ranging from one lakh to fifty lakh rupees
c) It changes the adjudicating authority from a Judge to a government official
d) All of the above

Explanation: The Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill, 2021 decriminalizes offenses under the Act, introduces fines ranging from one lakh to fifty lakh rupees, and changes the adjudicating authority from a Judge to a government official.

9. What is the purpose of the Biodiversity Fund?
a) To support conservation and sustainable use initiatives
b) To promote benefit-sharing mechanisms
c) To establish Biodiversity Heritage Sites
d) To regulate access to biological resources

Explanation: The purpose of the Biodiversity Fund is to support conservation and sustainable use initiatives and promote benefit-sharing mechanisms.

10. How does the Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill, 2021 align with the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)?
a) By reducing pressure on wild medicinal plants
b) By encouraging the cultivation of medicinal plants
c) By ensuring fair and equitable sharing of benefits
d) All of the above

Explanation: The Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill, 2021 aligns with the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) by reducing pressure on wild medicinal plants, encouraging the cultivation of medicinal plants, and ensuring fair and equitable sharing of benefits.

Brief Summary | UPSC – IAS

The Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill, 2021 was passed in the Lok Sabha in response to concerns raised by traditional Indian medicine practitioners. The bill amends the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 to simplify compliance requirements for domestic companies. Some of the key changes include exempting users of codified traditional knowledge and AYUSH practitioners from sharing benefits with local communities, removing benefit-sharing requirements from research and bio-survey activities, and introducing fines instead of criminal offenses. Critics argue that the bill prioritizes industrial interests over biodiversity protection and weakens the framework for benefit-sharing and community participation. The bill aims to encourage the cultivation of medicinal plants and facilitate research and patent applications without compromising global biodiversity conservation efforts.

The Government of India Promotes Green Agriculture through Sustainable Practices

The government of India is actively promoting green agriculture by implementing sustainable and good agriculture practices with environmental concerns in mind. This article will explore the significance, features, objectives, effects, pros and cons, and a fun fact about these initiatives.

Significance of Green Agriculture

Climate change is a major global concern, and it has a profound influence on the agroecological conditions. Green agriculture aims to address these concerns by transforming India’s agriculture sector sustainably without compromising food security and farmers’ income.

Features of Green Agriculture Initiatives

The government of India has implemented several initiatives to promote green agriculture:

• National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA): Aims to make Indian agriculture more resilient to climate change through various components like rainfed area development, on-farm water management, and soil health management.
• National Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA): Focuses on developing and promoting climate-resilient technologies in agriculture to address extreme weather conditions.
• PM Programme for Restoration, Awareness, Nourishment, and Amelioration of Mother Earth (PM-PRANAM): Incentivizes states and union territories to promote the usage of alternative fertilizers and balanced use of chemical fertilizers.

Objectives of Green Agriculture

The objectives of green agriculture initiatives include:

• Boosting farmers’ income
• Strengthening natural/organic farming
• Rejuvenating soil productivity
• Ensuring food security

Effects of Green Agriculture Initiatives

The implementation of green agriculture initiatives has several positive effects:

• Increased adoption of organic and biofertilizers
• Improved soil fertility
• Reduced environmental pollution
• Enhanced agricultural output

Pros and Cons of Green Agriculture Initiatives

Pros:

• Promotion of sustainable farming practices
• Mitigation of negative environmental impacts
• Contribution to achieving Sustainable Development Goals

Cons:

• Possible challenges in implementation and adoption
• Transition period required for farmers to switch to sustainable practices

Fun Fact

India is one of the largest exporters of agricultural produce.

In conclusion, the government of India is actively promoting green agriculture through sustainable practices. These initiatives aim to transform the agriculture sector while considering environmental concerns. By incentivizing the usage of alternative fertilizers and promoting organic farming, India is moving towards a more sustainable and environmentally-friendly approach to agriculture.

Mutiple Choice Questions

1. What is the objective of the PM-PRANAM scheme?
a) To promote sustainable agriculture practices
b) To restore and nurture Mother Earth through biofertilizers
c) To incentivize states to reduce urea consumption
d) All of the above

Explanation: The objective of the PM-PRANAM scheme is to restore and nurture Mother Earth through the use of biofertilizers. It aims to promote the usage of alternative fertilizers and balanced use of chemical fertilizers, incentivizing the states to reduce urea consumption and promote sustainable agriculture practices.

2. Which government initiative aims to make Indian agriculture more resilient to the changing climate?
a) National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)
b) National Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA)
c) Rainfed Area Development (RAD)
d) Mission Organic Value Chain Development in North Eastern Region (MOVCDNER)

Explanation: The initiative that aims to make Indian agriculture more resilient to the changing climate is the National Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA). It focuses on developing and promoting climate-resilient technologies in agriculture to address vulnerable areas of the country and help cope with extreme weather conditions.

3. Which component under the National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) focuses on integrated farming systems?
a) Rainfed Area Development (RAD)
b) On Farm Water Management (OFWM)
c) Soil Health Management (SHM)
d) Mission Organic Value Chain Development in North Eastern Region (MOVCDNER)

Explanation: The component of the National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) that focuses on integrated farming systems is Rainfed Area Development (RAD). It aims to enhance productivity and minimize risks associated with climatic variability by integrating crops/cropping systems with activities like horticulture, livestock, fishery, agro-forestry, apiculture, etc.

4. Which initiative aims to strengthen natural/organic farming and rejuvenate soil productivity?
a) National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)
b) National Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA)
c) PM Programme for Restoration, Awareness, Nourishment, and Amelioration of Mother Earth (PM-PRANAM)
d) Protected Area management

Explanation: The initiative that aims to strengthen natural/organic farming and rejuvenate soil productivity is the PM Programme for Restoration, Awareness, Nourishment, and Amelioration of Mother Earth (PM-PRANAM). It is part of the government’s efforts to promote green agriculture and incentivize the usage of alternative fertilizers.

5. What is the main thrust area covered under the NICRA project?
a) Developing climate-resilient livestock breeds
b) Identifying adaptation strategies for fisheries
c) Assessing climate change impacts on occupational health
d) Evolving crop varieties and management practices for adaptation and mitigation

Explanation: The main thrust area covered under the NICRA project is evolving crop varieties and management practices for adaptation and mitigation. It aims to develop and promote climate-resilient technologies in agriculture to address vulnerable areas of the country and cope with extreme weather conditions.

6. How will the PM-PRANAM scheme be financed?
a) Through savings of existing fertilizer subsidies
b) Through grants from international organizations
c) Through loans taken from national banks
d) Through crowdfunding initiatives

Explanation: The PM-PRANAM scheme will be financed through savings of existing fertilizer subsidies under schemes run by the Department of Fertilizers, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers. The subsidy savings will be provided as grants to the states, which can be used for various purposes related to technological adoption of alternative fertilizers and reward and encouragement of farmers.

7. What are some major concerns arising out of past agricultural practices?
a) Loss of biodiversity and carbon footprint
b) Agricultural water use footprint and soil degradation
c) Nitrate and pesticide residue pollution and transport of agricultural produce
d) All of the above

Explanation: Some major concerns arising out of past agricultural practices include nitrate and pesticide residue pollution, loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, agricultural carbon footprint, transport of agricultural produce, and agricultural water use footprint. These concerns highlight the need for green agriculture and sustainable farming methods.

8. How do green agriculture-related initiatives align with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?
a) They align with SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) and SDG 5 (Gender equality)
b) They align with SDG 12 (Sustainable Consumption and Production) and SDG 13 (Climate Action)
c) They align with SDG 15 (Life on Land) and SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy)
d) All of the above

Explanation: Green agriculture-related initiatives align with several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), SDG 5 (Gender equality), SDG 12 (Sustainable Consumption and Production), SDG 13 (Climate Action), and SDG 15 (Life on Land). They contribute to promoting sustainable farming practices, reducing environmental impact, and ensuring food security.

Overall Explanation: The given information highlights the government’s efforts to promote green agriculture through various initiatives and schemes. The PM-PRANAM scheme aims to restore and nurture Mother Earth through the use of biofertilizers, while the National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) and National Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) focus on making Indian agriculture more resilient to climate change. These initiatives align with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and promote sustainable farming methods.

Brief Summary | UPSC – IAS

The Indian government is promoting green agriculture and sustainable farming practices in order to address environmental concerns. They have implemented schemes such as the PM-PRANAM scheme, which incentivizes the use of biofertilizers to restore and nurture Mother Earth. Other initiatives include the National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) and the National Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) program. The government aims to integrate environmental concerns into agricultural policies and programs to mitigate negative impacts and enhance positive contributions. The promotion of organic and biofertilizers will lead to more fertile soil, reduced environmental pollution, and increased agricultural output.

The Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has recently proposed the draft Green Credit Programme Implementation Rules 2023. This initiative, initially included in the Union Budget for 2023-24, aims to encourage voluntary environmental measures among diverse stakeholders through a competitive market-based strategy. The programme intends to mobilize a large-scale movement around environmentally responsible behavior and contribute to India’s net zero objectives of 2070.

Features and Objectives | UPSC – IAS

• The Green Credit Programme offers incentives, known as “green credits,” to individuals, farmer-producer organizations (FPO), industries, and rural and urban local bodies, among others, for environment positive actions. The draft rules outline various categories of green credit actions, including tree plantation, water conservation, sustainable agriculture practices, waste management, air pollution reduction, mangrove conservation, ecomark certification, and sustainable building and infrastructure construction.
• Each green credit action will have specific criteria and benchmarks, and the equivalence of resource requirements and other relevant parameters will be considered to maintain fungibility across sectors. The Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education will oversee the program and design guidelines, methods, and procedures for implementation.

Significance and Effects | UPSC – IAS

• The Green Credit Programme is a groundbreaking tool that aims to reward and incentivize voluntary environmental action beyond carbon reduction. It encourages individuals, private businesses, cooperatives, and farmer-produce groups to participate in sustainable practices such as organic farming, water conservation, waste management, and more.
• The programme’s standards and incentives will also provide additional access to carbon markets and promote ecosystem services. By going beyond carbon and encompassing all key components of environmental and social sustainability, India can enhance its position as a global leader in environmental sustainability.

Pros and Cons | UPSC – IAS

• One of the pros of the Green Credit Programme is that it promotes voluntary environmental action and offers additional economic benefits to project proponents. It also encourages sustainable practices in various sectors and addresses multiple environmental challenges.
• However, there are concerns about greenwashing and the potential for incremental carbon reductions through market-based mechanisms. The programme requires careful evaluation to ensure that methodologies and standards are sound and that there is sufficient demand for green credits. Additionally, issues related to forest ownership and governance, biodiversity conservation, and global criticisms of carbon credit programmes must be taken into account.

Fun Fact

Did you know that the Green Credit Programme introduces a unique concept of incentivizing green initiatives beyond carbon reduction? It assesses and rewards various ecosystem services, offering a holistic approach to environmental sustainability in India.

The draft rules for the Green Credit Programme are a positive step towards fostering environmental responsibility among diverse stakeholders in India. As the programme progresses, it will be crucial to ensure transparency, accountability, and continuous monitoring to maximize its positive impact on the environment and society.

Mutiple Choice Questions

1. What is the purpose of the Green Credit Programme?
a. To encourage individuals and organizations to take voluntary environmental action
b. To introduce a carbon market for trading green credits
c. To implement regulations for reducing emissions in the industrial sector
d. To promote international collaboration on environmental sustainability

Explanation: The purpose of the Green Credit Programme is to encourage people, private businesses, cooperatives, small-scale industries, forestry companies, and farmer-produce groups to take voluntary environmental action.

2. What are the activities eligible for earning green credits?
a. Industrial manufacturing processes that reduce carbon emissions
b. Natural and regenerative agricultural practices to improve soil health
c. Construction and infrastructure projects using sustainable technologies
d. All of the above

Explanation: The activities eligible for earning green credits include tree plantation, water conservation, sustainable agriculture, waste management, air pollution reduction, mangrove conservation, Ecomark labeling, and sustainable building and infrastructure.

3. How will the green credits be exchanged in the market?
a. Through an international trading platform
b. As digital certificates on a domestic market platform
c. Through physical coupons issued by the government
d. They cannot be exchanged, only used for incentives

Explanation: The green credits earned by individuals and organizations will be exchangeable on a hypothetical domestic market platform.

4. What is the concern associated with the Green Credit Programme?
a. The lack of demand for green credits in the market
b. The risk of fraudulent activities and greenwashing
c. The limitation of eligible activities for earning green credits
d. The reliance on international carbon markets for funding

Explanation: The concern associated with the Green Credit Programme is the risk of “greenwashing” and fraudulent activities through market-based mechanisms. There is a need for rigorous monitoring and sound methodology and standards to avoid misuse of the system.

5. What is the way forward for the Green Credit Programme?
a. Increasing the demand for green credits in the market
b. Resolving issues related to forest ownership and governance
c. Conducting internal deliberations and public hearings
d. All of the above

Explanation: The way forward for the Green Credit Programme involves evaluating the system, resolving issues related to forest ownership and governance, and conducting internal deliberations and public hearings to address concerns and ensure its stability and viability.

Brief Summary | UPSC – IAS

The Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change (MoEFCC) in India has proposed draft rules for a ‘Green Credit’ program, which will provide incentives for individuals, organizations, and businesses to take environmentally positive actions. The program aims to encourage voluntary environmental measures and contribute to India’s net zero objectives by 2070. The green credits will be earned for actions such as tree plantation, water conservation, waste management, and reducing air pollution. The program will be run by the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, and green credits can be exchanged and sold on a domestic market platform. However, there are concerns about greenwashing and challenges in monitoring and governance.

Compliance with Biomedical Waste Management Rules and Its Impact

Proper compliance with Biomedical Waste Management Rules is crucial to protect public health and the environment. However, there have been significant issues in ensuring compliance across the country. The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has flagged this issue multiple times in the past. Mishandling medical waste can have severe consequences, compromising public health and environmental sustainability.

Significance of Biomedical Waste Management

Biomedical waste refers to waste generated during healthcare activities, including diagnosis, treatment, immunization, research, and production/testing of biological or health camps. It includes both general waste and hazardous material. Around 85% of healthcare waste is non-hazardous, while the remaining 15% is considered infectious, toxic, or radioactive.

The safe and proper management of biomedical waste is crucial to prevent adverse health and environmental impacts. Improper disposal of medical waste, including needles and syringes, can lead to the spread of infections and diseases. Open burning and incineration of healthcare waste can also result in the emission of harmful substances such as dioxins, furans, and particulate matter.

Objectives of Biomedical Waste Management

The primary objectives of biomedical waste management are:

1. Protecting the health of patients, healthcare workers, and the general public
2. Preventing the release of chemical or biological hazards, including drug-resistant microorganisms, into the environment
3. Ensuring the safe and environmentally sound disposal of healthcare waste

Features and Categories of Biomedical Waste

Biomedical waste generated from healthcare facilities is classified into three categories:

• Bio-Medical Waste: This includes all waste that can have adverse effects on human health or the environment if not disposed of properly.
• General Waste: This consists of waste that has not been in contact with hazardous or infectious materials, including dry waste like newspapers, plastic bottles, and packaging materials, as well as wet waste like food waste.
• Other Wastes: This category includes electronic waste, batteries, and radioactive waste, which are not classified as biomedical waste but require specific disposal methods.

Biomedical Waste Management (BMWM) Rules, 2016 categorize biomedical waste into four categories: yellow, red, white, and blue. Each category has specific segregation pathways and color codes.

Effects of Improper Biomedical Waste Management

The improper management of biomedical waste can have several adverse effects, including:

• Infections and diseases spread due to the presence of potentially harmful microorganisms.
• Exposure to toxic substances, such as pharmaceutical products, mercury, or dioxins, during the handling or incineration of healthcare waste.
• Risk of sharps-inflicted injuries.
• Air pollution from the release of particulate matter during medical waste incineration.

Pros and Cons of Biomedical Waste Management

Pros:

• Protection of public health and the environment
• Prevention of the spread of infections and diseases
• Safe disposal of hazardous materials
• Compliance with environmental regulations

Cons:

• Cost implications for healthcare facilities
• Challenges in implementing proper waste segregation and disposal methods
• Requirement for trained personnel and infrastructure

Fun Fact

Every year, an estimated 16 billion injections are administered worldwide. However, not all needles and syringes are properly disposed of afterward, leading to potential health and environmental risks.

Conclusion

Proper compliance with Biomedical Waste Management Rules is essential to safeguard public health and the environment. The management of biomedical waste involves waste segregation, pre-treatment, transportation, storage, and ultimately treatment and disposal. It is important to raise awareness about the health hazards associated with healthcare waste and prioritize waste management practices. Governments should enforce regulations, provide sufficient resources, and promote safe and environmentally-friendly waste management options to protect people and the planet.

Mutiple Choice Questions

1. What percentage of waste generated by healthcare activities is considered hazardous?
a) 10%
b) 15%
c) 85%
d) 90%

Explanation: According to the information provided, 15% of waste generated by healthcare activities is considered hazardous.

2. Which color category is assigned to general waste in biomedical waste management?
a) Yellow
b) Red
c) White
d) Blue

Explanation: General waste in biomedical waste management is not assigned a color category. It is separate from biomedical waste and consists of waste that has not been in contact with any hazardous or infectious material.

3. Which waste category includes used electronic wastes and used batteries?
a) Bio-Medical Waste
b) General Waste
c) Other Wastes
d) None of the above

Explanation: Used electronic wastes and used batteries are included in the “Other Wastes” category, which is not classified as biomedical waste but still needs to be disposed of properly.

4. Who ensures strict compliance with biomedical waste management rules at the central level?
a) Chief Secretaries
b) District Magistrates
c) Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
d) World Health Organization (WHO)

Explanation: The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) ensures strict compliance with biomedical waste management rules at the central level.

5. What are the key elements in improving healthcare waste management?
a) Promoting waste segregation
b) Developing strategies and systems for waste disposal
c) Raising awareness of risks related to healthcare waste
d) All of the above

Explanation: The key elements in improving healthcare waste management include promoting waste segregation, developing strategies and systems for waste disposal, and raising awareness of risks related to healthcare waste.

Brief Summary | UPSC – IAS

Compliance with biomedical waste management rules in India has been inadequate, which poses risks to public health and the environment. Approximately 85% of healthcare waste is non-hazardous, while the remaining 15% is considered hazardous. Improper disposal of medical waste, including needles and syringes, can lead to health and environmental hazards. Open burning and incineration of healthcare waste can release toxic substances. Proper waste management is essential to prevent adverse impacts on health and the environment. The management of healthcare waste requires increased awareness, training, resources, and government commitment to ensure safe and environmentally sound practices.

Why is India witnessing unseasonal rainfalls yet again? | UPSC – IAS

Unseasonal rainfall has become a recurring phenomenon in India, causing concern among farmers and impacting various sectors of the economy. This article explores the reasons for unseasonal rains, their effects on the monsoons, and the vulnerabilities of the agricultural sector.

Reasons for Unseasonal Rains | UPSC – IAS

Scientists attribute the unseasonal rains to Western Disturbance, which occurs annually but under different conditions each year. The development of cyclonic circulation across Haryana and Punjab, as a result of the Western Disturbance, has led to rain in north and west India. Additionally, El Nino, a global weather phenomenon, may be contributing to the severity of this year’s summer.

Effects on Monsoons and Agriculture

Unseasonal rains have a significant impact on the monsoon season and the agricultural sector. Farmers are concerned about their crops that are ready to be harvested and the produce lying in mandis (marketplaces). The standing crops and post-harvest crops have been affected, leading to a rise in prices of perishable supplies such as vegetables and fruits. The construction industry may also experience an increase in the cost of essential raw materials. Unseasonal rain can have negative social implications, particularly for vulnerable groups like small farmers, daily wage laborers, and migrant workers.

Steps to Tackle the Issue

A multifaceted approach is needed to address the concerns caused by unseasonal rains. Short-term actions include providing compensation to farmers for lost crops, offering discounted seeds and fertilizer, and raising the Minimum Support Price. Long-term changes in the agriculture industry are required to increase its adaptability to shifting weather patterns. This includes promoting crop diversity, adopting advanced agricultural techniques and technology, and improving supply chain infrastructure.

Government Initiatives

The Indian government has launched several initiatives such as the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (Prime Minister’s Crop Insurance Scheme), Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (Prime Minister’s Agricultural Irrigation Scheme), and Soil Health Card Scheme. These initiatives aim to provide financial support, improve irrigation infrastructure, promote water-use efficiency, and enhance soil health. They help farmers optimize their use of water resources, improve crop yields, and reduce the risk of crop failure due to droughts or water scarcity.

Impact on Other Economic Sectors

Unseasonal rains not only affect the agriculture industry but also have implications for other economic sectors. The interruption caused by unseasonal rainfall may lead to an increase in the prices of basic commodities, affecting people’s spending habits and decreasing demand for non-essential products and services as a whole. The construction industry may also face additional costs due to the increased prices of raw materials like steel and cement.

Conclusion

Unseasonal rains in India highlight the vulnerabilities of the agricultural sector and the need for proactive measures to address climate change. The government’s initiatives, along with short-term and long-term approaches, can help farmers adapt to changing weather patterns and improve their resilience. Collaboration between the central and state governments, as well as various stakeholders, is crucial to effectively tackle the impact of unseasonal rains and ensure sustainable agriculture.

Mutiple Choice Questions | UPSC – IAS

1. Why is India witnessing unseasonal rainfalls yet again?
a) Due to global warming
b) Due to shifting weather patterns
c) Due to El Nino effect
d) Due to cyclonic winds
Explanation: The unseasonal rainfalls in India are occurring due to a combination of factors like global warming, shifting weather patterns, El Nino effect, and cyclonic winds.

2. Apart from climate change, what are the reasons for unseasonal rainfalls in India?
a) Western Disturbance
b) Anticyclonic activity
c) Cyclonic winds
d) All of the above
Explanation: The unseasonal rainfalls in India are caused by multiple factors, including Western Disturbance, anticyclonic activity, and cyclonic winds.

3. How is the agriculture sector affected by unseasonal rains?
a) Increase in crop prices
b) Decrease in crop yields
c) Shift in weather patterns
d) All of the above
Explanation: Unseasonal rains have a negative impact on the agriculture sector, including decreasing crop yields, increasing crop prices, and disrupting the traditional weather patterns.

4. What impact does unseasonal rain have on the economy?
a) Increase in inflation
b) Decrease in demand for non-essential products
c) Increase in production costs
d) All of the above
Explanation: Unseasonal rain can have a ripple effect on the economy, including increasing inflation, decreasing demand for non-essential products, and increasing production costs.

5. What steps can be taken to tackle the issue of unseasonal rains?
a) Forgive farm loans
b) Compensate farmers for lost crops
c) Offer discounted seeds and fertilizers
d) All of the above
Explanation: Short-term measures like forgiving farm loans and compensating farmers, as well as long-term structural changes in the agriculture industry, can help tackle the issue of unseasonal rains.

6. What initiatives has the government launched to support farmers?
a) Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana
b) Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana
c) Soil Health Card Scheme
d) All of the above
Explanation: The government has launched initiatives like Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana, and Soil Health Card Scheme to support farmers and address the challenges posed by unseasonal rains.

7. What can be done to mitigate the impact of extreme weather conditions?
a) Promote water-resistant crops
b) Improve water-use efficiency
c) Enhance soil health
d) All of the above
Explanation: Mitigating the impact of extreme weather conditions involves promoting water-resistant crops, improving water-use efficiency, and enhancing soil health.

8. How can the central and state governments work together to address the concerns of farmers?
a) Financial assistance from the center
b) Technical support from the center
c) Collaboration between the center and state governments
d) All of the above
Explanation: The central and state governments can work together by providing financial assistance, technical support, and collaborating to address the concerns of farmers affected by unseasonal rains.

Brief Summary | UPSC – IAS

Unseasonal rains in India, caused by Western Disturbance and El Nino, are impacting the agriculture industry and other economic sectors. Farmers are concerned about their crops and produce, which could lead to a rise in prices of perishable supplies. The construction industry may also face increased costs for raw materials. The government has launched initiatives such as crop insurance, agricultural irrigation, and soil health cards to support farmers. Short-term actions like loan waivers and raising minimum support prices are also being considered. Long-term changes in the agriculture industry are needed to improve its adaptability to changing weather patterns.

Decarbonizing Iron and Steel Sector: Improving Resource Efficiency

The iron and steel sector plays a significant role in the economic development of a nation, but it is also a leading contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. However, a new analysis suggests that it is possible for the sector to reduce its emissions while increasing its output. This article explores the significance, features, objectives, effects, pros, and cons of decarbonizing the iron and steel sector.

Significance of Decarbonizing Iron and Steel Sector

The decarbonization of the iron and steel sector is crucial for improving resource efficiency and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This sector contributes significantly to the nation’s economic development, but it is also responsible for a significant amount of carbon dioxide emissions. By decarbonizing the sector, it is possible to reduce emissions while increasing the production of steel, which is essential for meeting the growing demand for steel worldwide.

Features of Decarbonization

Decarbonization refers to the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions and the transition to a sustainable economic system that compensates for these emissions. The goal is to achieve a CO2-free global economy in the long term. In the context of the iron and steel sector, decarbonization involves displacing fossil fuels from the manufacturing process and adopting low-carbon technologies and processes.

Objectives of Decarbonization

The primary objectives of decarbonizing the iron and steel sector are:

1. Reducing carbon dioxide emissions from the manufacturing process
2. Increasing the production of steel
3. Promoting resource efficiency

Effects of Decarbonization

The decarbonization of the iron and steel sector can have several positive effects, including:

• Significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions
• Increased resource efficiency
• Improved environmental sustainability
• Enhanced competitiveness in the global market

However, there can also be some challenges and drawbacks associated with decarbonization, such as:

• High initial investment costs for adopting low-carbon technologies
• Transitioning from existing infrastructure and technologies
• Dependency on the availability and affordability of renewable energy sources

Facts about Decarbonization

A fun fact about decarbonization is that the iron and steel sector can achieve significant emissions reductions by adopting technologies such as direct reduction by hydrogen (DR-H). This technology uses hydrogen gas to convert iron oxide into metallic iron without the need for a blast furnace, resulting in lower carbon emissions.

Government Efforts for Decarbonization in Iron and Steel Production

The government is taking several measures to promote decarbonization in the iron and steel sector, including:

• Promoting energy and resource efficiency in the steel industry
• Encouraging the use of renewable energy sources
• Implementing green hydrogen and carbon capture technologies
• Enhancing the availability of steel scrap for recycling
• Promoting the use of solar energy in the steel industry
• Implementing energy efficiency improvement projects in steel plants

Way Forward for Decarbonization

Decarbonizing the steel sector requires collaborative action from regulators, governments, and industry stakeholders. Some strategies for achieving decarbonization include:

• Installing carbon capture machinery in existing steel plants
• Constructing new steel facilities with low or no CO2 emissions
• Adopting low-carbon technologies and processes
• Promoting the use of green hydrogen in steel production

By decarbonizing the iron and steel sector, companies can improve their performance in the global market and contribute to a more sustainable and low-carbon future.

Overall, decarbonizing the iron and steel sector is crucial for improving resource efficiency and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. With the implementation of low-carbon technologies and processes, it is possible to achieve significant emissions reductions while meeting the growing demand for steel worldwide.

Mutiple Choice Questions

1. Which sector is crucial for the improvement of resource efficiency in the Steel Sector?
a) Energy sector
b) Iron and steel sector
c) Transportation sector
d) Manufacturing sector

Answer: b) Iron and steel sector

Explanation: According to the given information, decarbonizing the iron and steel sector is crucial for improving resource efficiency in the Steel Sector.

2. What is the predicted increase in carbon dioxide emissions from the manufacture of crude steel by 2030?
a) 1.5 times
b) 2 times
c) 2.5 times
d) 3 times

Answer: c) 2.5 times

Explanation: According to the given information, it is predicted that carbon dioxide emissions from the manufacture of crude steel will have increased by approximately 2.5 times by 2030 under the status quo.

3. What is the main objective of decarbonizing the energy mix?
a) Increase fossil fuel consumption in the electricity generation sector
b) Reduce output in the transportation sector
c) Displace fossil fuels from the electricity generation and transportation sectors
d) Increase emissions in the iron and steel sector

Answer: c) Displace fossil fuels from the electricity generation and transportation sectors

Explanation: According to the given information, decarbonizing the energy mix aims to displace fossil fuels from the electricity generation sector and the transportation sector.

4. How does the manufacturing process in the iron and steel sector impact carbon emissions?
a) It has no impact on carbon emissions
b) It determines the amount of carbon emissions produced
c) It reduces carbon emissions
d) It increases carbon emissions

Answer: b) It determines the amount of carbon emissions produced

Explanation: According to the given information, the manufacturing process in the iron and steel sector determines the amount of carbon dioxide emissions an industrial unit will produce.

5. What is the “green route” for the manufacturing of steel?
a) Direct reduction by hydrogen
b) Use of coal and coke
c) Blast furnace method
d) Basic oxygen furnace method

Answer: a) Direct reduction by hydrogen

Explanation: According to the given information, direct reduction by hydrogen is sometimes referred to as the “green route” for the manufacturing of steel because it greatly lowers carbon emissions.

Overall explanation: The given information highlights the importance of decarbonizing the iron and steel sector, the predicted increase in carbon dioxide emissions from the manufacture of crude steel, the objectives of decarbonizing the energy mix, and the different scenarios and recommendations for achieving carbon reduction in the iron and steel sector. It also mentions government efforts and initiatives for decarbonization in the steel industry. The multiple-choice questions are based on this information and test the reader’s understanding of the key concepts and details.

Brief Summary | UPSC – IAS

A new analysis by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) shows that the iron and steel sector in India can significantly reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 2030 while increasing steel production. The analysis provides four scenarios for achieving this, including a low-carbon growth pathway and an accelerated low-carbon growth pathway. The decarbonization of the sector is crucial as the iron and steel industry is a leading emitter of greenhouse gases. The government has also implemented various measures to promote decarbonization, such as promoting green steel, enhancing scrap recycling, and incentivizing energy efficiency. The transition to net-zero steel production will require cooperative action from regulators, governments, and industry stakeholders.

What is the greenhouse effect?

The greenhouse effect is a natural process that warms the Earth’s surface. When the Sun’s energy reaches the Earth’s atmosphere, some of it is reflected back to space and the rest is absorbed and re-emitted by greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone.

The greenhouse effect is essential for life on Earth. Without it, the Earth’s average temperature would be about -18°C (0°F), which is too cold for most life to survive. However, human activities are increasing the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which is causing the Earth to warm at an unprecedented rate. This is known as global warming.

What are the effects of global warming?

Global warming is having a number of negative impacts on the Earth’s climate system. These impacts include:

• Rising sea levels
• Melting glaciers and ice sheets
• More extreme weather events, such as heatwaves, droughts, floods, and storms
• Changes in agricultural yields
• Loss of biodiversity

What are the effects of global warming in India?

India is one of the most vulnerable countries to the effects of global warming. The country is already experiencing rising sea levels, more extreme weather events, and changes in agricultural yields. These impacts are having a significant impact on the Indian people, especially the poor and marginalized.

Effects on people

Global warming is having a number of negative impacts on people in India, including:

• Health impacts: Heatwaves, droughts, and floods can all lead to serious health problems, such as heatstroke, dehydration, and waterborne diseases.
• Food insecurity: Changes in agricultural yields and more extreme weather events are making it more difficult for farmers to produce food. This is leading to food insecurity and hunger, especially among the poor.
• Displacement: Rising sea levels and extreme weather events are forcing people to leave their homes and communities. This is leading to displacement and homelessness.

Effects on children

Children are particularly vulnerable to the effects of global warming. They are more likely to suffer from heat-related illnesses and waterborne diseases. They are also more likely to be displaced from their homes by extreme weather events.

Effects on underprivileged

The underprivileged are also disproportionately impacted by the effects of global warming. They are more likely to live in areas that are vulnerable to sea level rise and extreme weather events. They are also less likely to have access to resources to help them cope with the impacts of climate change.

What can be done to mitigate the effects of global warming?

There are a number of things that can be done to mitigate the effects of global warming, including:

• Reduce greenhouse gas emissions: This can be done by switching to renewable energy sources, improving energy efficiency, and reducing deforestation.
• Adapt to the impacts of climate change: This includes building seawalls to protect coastal communities from rising sea levels and developing drought-resistant crops.

Fun fact: Did you know that India is one of the world’s leading producers of renewable energy? In 2022, India’s renewable energy capacity exceeded 150 gigawatts, which is more than the total coal-fired power capacity of the country.

In more detail

Causes of global warming

The primary cause of global warming is the burning of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas. When fossil fuels are burned, they release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Other human activities that contribute to global warming include deforestation, agriculture, and industrial processes.

Impacts of global warming in India

• Rising sea levels: India’s coastline is one of the most vulnerable in the world to sea level rise. A rise in sea level of just one meter would inundate over 6,000 square kilometers of land in India and displace over 10 million people. Sea level rise is also causing salinization of coastal groundwater, which is making it unfit for drinking and irrigation.
• Melting glaciers and ice sheets: The melting of glaciers and ice sheets in the Himalayas is reducing the availability of water for drinking, irrigation, and hydropower generation. The melting is also causing an increase in the frequency and intensity of landslides and floods.
• More extreme weather events: India is experiencing more extreme weather events, such as heatwaves, droughts, floods, and storms. These events are having a devastating impact on people’s lives and livelihoods. For example, the heatwave that swept across India in 2023 killed over 1,500 people.

Additional information

• The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body for the assessment of climate change. The IPCC’s Sixth Assessment Report, released in 2021, concluded that “it is unequivocal that human influence has warmed the atmosphere, ocean and land.”
• The Paris Agreement is a legally binding international treaty on climate change. The goal of the Paris Agreement is to limit global warming to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels.

Global Warming Introduction

Lot of discussions and deliberations are taking place across the globe on the issue of global warming and its long term consequences on climate changes. Global warming is a phenomenon of disastrous consequences. From the last 2–3 decades, entire world has been talking about global warming but the global effort to check this phenomenon is still preliminary and inadequate. Greater evaporation, untimely melting of ice caps, sea level changes, coastal inundation, etc., have been reported. As revealed by U.S. Satellite, 125 Siberian lakes have been disappeared and two large lakes have shrunk. The chain of events caused by global warming has impact on world economy and the developing countries like India are worst affected.

The green house effect

Earth absorbs incoming solar radiation and then tries to cool by emitting long wavelength infrared radiation. The radiation is absorbed by green house gases and hence they cannot escape. The net effect should be to increase mean annual temperature.

Some of the important Green house gases

• CO2 – Burning of carbon based fuels
• CH4 – Anaerobic bacteria in rice field, cows, sewage (4 – 9%)
• N2O – Fossil fuel and fertilizer
• CFCs – Refrigeration and spray cans
• Ozone (O3) – 3 – 7%

Green house gases are absorbed by infrared radiation, which in turn much of the energy is re-radiated to the surface and lower temperature. The mechanism is named after the effect of solar radiation passing through glass and warming a green house. It retains heat and fundamentally by reducing air flow, isolating the warm air inside the structure so that heat is not last by convection.

Joseph Fourier, a French mathematician discovered the green house effect in 1824, first reliably experimented on by Irish physicist John Tyndall in 1858 and first reported quantitatively by Swedish scientist Steve Arrhenius in 1896. In the atmospheric green house effect, sunlight encounter forests, grasslands, ocean surfaces, ice caps, deserts and cities all absorb, reflect and radiate radiation differently. Sunlight falling on a white glacier strongly reflect back into space resulting in minimal heating of surface and lower temperature. Sunlight falling on a desert soil is strongly absorbed and contributes significantly the heating of the surface and lower atmosphere. Cloud cover also affects green house warming by both reducing the amount of solar energy reaching the earth’s surface and by reducing the amount of radiation energy emitted into space.

Real green houses | UPSC – IAS

Green house gases

Green houses effect are named analogy to ‘Green house’. The major difference between green house effect and green houses is that the heat retained are different and both limit the rate of thermal energy flowing out of the system. Through convection i.e., sensible heat support, the absorbed heat is not allowed to leave the green house. Green house gases absorb the outgoing radiative energy and green house gases affect the heat of earth and reemit some of it back towards earth.

The green house is built by means of glass or plastic which allows the sun light to pass through it. Primarily the sunlight heats the ground surface inside which then warms the air in the green house. The air within the green house continues to heat since it is confined within the green house and in the atmosphere, warm air near the surface rises and mixes with the cool air aloft. This can be demonstrated by opening a small window near roof of green house, the temperature will drop considerably. Thus, green house work primarily by preventing convective cooling. In the green house effect, rather than retaining (sensible) heat by physically preventing movement of the air, green house gases act to warm the earth by re-radiating some of the energy back towards the surface.

Green house effect is brought about by several gases and these gases namely Carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), Nitrous Oxide ( ), Chlorofluorocarbons (CFxCLx) and tropospheric Ozone (O3). CO2 plays a major role and accounts for about 55% of change in the intensity of green house effect. Chlorofluorocarbons contribute 25%, 15% by Methane and 5%Nitrous oxide respectively. The role of ozone towards enhancement of green house effect is yet to be quantified. In the year 2005, the average concentration of CO2 were about 380 ppm. Prior to 1900, the CO2 concentration was about 280 ppm. Due to increased urbanization and industrialization, the CO2 concentration has enormously gone up which is entering the atmosphere. The main reason for emission of CO2 is due to burning of fossil fuel combustion for transportation, generation of electricity, space heating and cooking, deforestation and destruction of biodiversity. Emission due to fossil fuel combustion accounts for 65% extra CO2 now found in atmosphere. The remaining 35% is derived from the conversion of Prairie woodland and forested ecosystem primary into agricultural ecosystem can hold 20–100 times more CO2 per unit area then agricultural system.

Chlorofluorocarbons are artificially created are the strongest green house gases. These gases are also known to make holes in the ozone layer which has far reaching effect on the human beings. General decline in global stratospheric ozone levels over the last two decades has caused many nations to cut back on their production and use of these chemicals. As per the Montreal Protocol Agreement by forty six nations established a pact and immediate time table for the reduction of chlorofluorocarbons production and use.

The average of concentration N2O is increasing 0.2–0.3% per year. The important reasons for the increase is due to biomass burning, land-use conversion, fossil fuel combustion and soil fertigation. Nitrous oxide is also produced due to conversion of Savanna and grassland ecosystem to agriculture field. These processes reduce the amount of nitrogen stored in living vegetation through decomposition of organic matter. When biomass and fossil fuels are burnt, Nitrous oxide is released into the atmosphere. Extensive usage of nitrate and ammonium fertilizers to enhance the growth is another source of nitrous oxide.

It is difficult to determine the role of ozone in the atmosphere. Concentration of ozone gas are found in two different regions of earth’s atmosphere. Majority of ozone (about 97%) found in the atmosphere is localized in stratosphere at an altitude of 15–55 kms above the earth’s surface. Of late, the concentration of the stratospheric ozone has been decreasing because of the buildup of chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere. Since the late 1970s, scientists have discussed that total column ozone present over Antarctica in the spring time have decreased as much as 70%. Ozone is highly concentrated at the earth’s surface and most of this ozone is created as an artificial byproduct of photochemical smog.

Green concentration that is different concentration of the green house gasses are given here Green house gas Conc. 1750 Conc. 2003 Percent change Carbon dioxide 280 ppm 376 ppm 34 % Methane 0.71 ppm 1.79 ppm 152 % Nitrous oxide 270 ppb 319 ppb 18 % CFC 0 880 ppt Not applicable Ozone Unknown Varies with latitude and altitude

Basic mechanism of solar radiation

Most of the radiant energy from the Sun is concentrated in the visible and near visible part of the spectrum. Visible light which represents 43% of the total radiant energy emitted lies between 400–700 nm of the narrow band of visible light. Wavelength shorter than the visible account for 7–8% of the total, but are extremely important because of their high energy per photon. Shorter the wavelength of light more energy it contains. The ultraviolet light is more energetic. The remaining 49– 50% of radiant light is spread over the wavelength longer than those of visible light. Most of the thermal radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere and re-radiated both upwards and downwards; that radiated downwards is absorbed by the earth’s surface. This trapping of long wavelength thermal radiation leads to a higher equilibrium temperature.

The incoming radiation from the Sun is mostly in the form of visible light and nearby wave lengths largely in the range of 0.2–4 mm corresponding to the Sun’s relative temperature of 6000 K. Half of the radiation is in the ‘visible’ light to which our eyes are adapted.

• Earth’s surface absorbs 50% of Sun’s energy and rest is reflected or absorbed by the atmosphere.
• The absorbed energy warm the surface and surface of the earth is warmed to a temperature around 255 K, radiates long wave length, infrared heat in the range 4– 100mm. At these wave lengths, green house gases are transparent to incoming solar radiation and are more absorbent. Increasing the concentration of gases increases the amount of absorption and re-radiation thereby further warms the layers and ultimately the surface below.

Projected effects due to global warming in India | UPSC – IAS

Several effects of global warming, including steady sea level rise, increased cyclonic activity, changes in ambient temperature and precipitation patterns have affected or are projected to affect the sub continent. Projected global average surface warming result in temperature increases world-wide at the end of 21st century ranges from 0.6 to 4oC.

• Rise in sea level: At the end of 21st century there is considerable increase in sea level from 0.18 to 0.59m which results in the submerging of several low-lying islands in the suburbans displacing thousands of people.
• Economic: Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research reported that climate related factors could cause India’s GDP to decline by up to 9% and because of this reason would result in shifting growing seasons for major crops such as rice, production of which could fall by 40%. About seven million people will be displaced due to submersion of parts of Mumbai and Chennai, if global temperature were to rise by a mere 2Oc.
• Environmental: Landslides and flooding are projected have an impact on states such as Assam. Ecological disasters, such as coral bleaching event that killed more than 70% of corals in the reef ecosystem off Lakshadweep and the Andaman. This is brought by elevated ocean temperatures tied to global warming also projected to become increasingly common.
• Social: Climate change in India will have enormous impact on more than 400 million people because many depend on natural resources for food, shelter and income. More than 56% of people in India work in agriculture, while others earn their living in coastal areas.
• Pollution: Burning of biomass in north western India and air pollution from industrial cities in north India, often concentrate inside the Ganges basin. Black carbon and dust which are blown towards the higher altitudes by winds at southern faces of Himalayas can absorb shortwave radiation and heat the air over Tibetan plateau.
• Glaciers in India:
  Glaciers acts as sensors of climate change. Out of the 3% fresh water available on the earth, 67% is stored in glaciers and ice caps. It is estimated that Himalayas alone contribute 30-40% of water to the Ganges which is particularly critical in the dry season prior to monsoon rains in India. Glaciers are the result of continuous snow fall over long period of time that compresses into large, thickened ice masses. As per the latest report provided by the Geological Survey of India, Government of India that Himalaya contains 9,575 glaciers distributed in the Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand etc. Gangotri glacier is alone more than 30 Km long and covers an area of about 148 Sq Km.
• Desert: Global warming causes higher temperatures and less rainfall overall. This problem is commonly seen in desert biomes, because the soil dries out, particularly the layer of topsoil that holds the most nutrients. This makes it easier for dust storms to sweep the nutrient-rich topsoil and carry it to other areas which will prevent plant life from thriving and disrupt the entire ecosystem. In addition to dust storms and during monsoon rainfall wash away the top soil and potentially flood the area, since the ground is so dry the water which cannot soak fast into the soil.

Havoc’s due to global warming

• Hurricanes, flood, Tsunamis and wildfires are becoming common and as a consequence of these destructive events escalate in 21st century. Due to global warming higher wind speeds are recorded so also the increased ocean temperatures.
  These in turn increase the frequency of cyclones.
• Alarming rise in the sea level – due to green house effect, polar ice caps are melting at a faster rate. Some experts believe that arctic could be ice-free within five years rising sea levels by several feet world wide.
• Diseases and fungi attack crops lowering the quality and production.
• Natural disasters will destroy existing crops.
• Once abundant food may disappear or become expensive.
• Human beings won’t be able to eat healthy food.
• Uncontrollable epidemics are on rise.
• United Nation projects 2.11 billion people will face severe water shortages by 2025 if the consumption continues at current rate.
• Electrical power production likely to be limited by water shortages.
• Despite energy efficiency trends, total energy consumption will rise by about 50% over the period 2005-2025.
• It is predicted that there is likelihood of 190 gigatons of green house gases into the atmosphere.
• Greenland’s coastal lands projected to rise at a rate of 2 inches/year due to melting of Greenland’s ice sheet.

Future research should aim at combating the evils of global warming to use alternative source of energy and evolving new methods to reduce pollution. Otherwise, this will take lot of toll year after year due to the incidence of incurable diseases.

Water Resources

Water is called Universal Solvent necessary for human civilization, living organisms and natural habitat. It is used for drinking, industry, agriculture, transportation, recreation and animal husbandry producing electricity for domestic, commercial and industrial use. Water, as a resource and river water, surface ponds, lakes, groundwater are all part of one system. Water is an important part of ecological system. Underground aquifers and rivers often cut across the state boundaries. Drought and flood affect vast areas of the country. Hydrogen cycle moves enormous quantity of water around the globe. 97.5% of all water on earth is saline water and remaining 2.5% is fresh water, most of which lies deep and frozen in Antarctica and Greenland and only about 0.25% in rivers, lakes and in soils are readily usable for mankind.

Precipitation is the basic source of water for both surface water and groundwater. Precipitation in the rainfall varies across the regions of the country and it is found to be 100 mm in western part of Rajasthan and 10000 mm at Cherrapunji in Meghalaya. Therefore, it is need of the hour to conserve the profile of soil, ponds, lakes, rivers and reservoirs for use during dry seasons. Reports indicated that out of total geographical area of 329 million hectare, 263 million people live in drought prone area.

Surface water

Animal surface runoff generated by rainfall and snowmelt is estimated to be about 1869 billion cubic meters (BCM) in India. It is estimated that only 690 BCM (37%) of surface water resources can actually be mobilized. Over 90% of annual flow of the Himalayan Rivers occurs over a four months period and capacity to capture such resources is complicated by suitable storage sites.

Rainfall
The average annual rainfall in India is about 1170 mm. Possible changes in rainfall patterns in the coming years, global warming and climate change could affect India’s water resources. About 10 million rainwater harvesting structures are to be constructed within a limited time period, to store the 400 BCM of river flows discharged into the sea without being utilized (Menon, 2001). This results in the acquisition of lakhs of hectares of land, mostly small land holders, displacing millions of poor farmers.

Ground water
It is estimated that about 30% of groundwater potential has been tapped for irrigation and domestic use and India’s rechargeable annual ground water potential has been assessed at around 431 BCM in aggregate. Large parts of the country have already exploited dynamic recharge. It is reported that Punjab and Haryana exploited about 97% ground water. States like Rajasthan, Gujarat, Western Uttar Pradesh and all Deccan states have depleting ground water. In India, fragile water resources are stressed and depleting while various sectoral demands are growing rapidly. In the ancient times, maximum water resources have been used for agriculture irrigation but with the growth in Indian economy and industrial activities, share of water is changing rapidly. Also, increased population and urbanization put an additional demand on water resources. Various reports revealed that annual demand of water may increase from 552 BCM in 1997 to 1050 BCM by 2025.

Physical resources

Physiographic factors play a very important role in the origin, distribution and utilization of water resources. India is divided into following regions

• a) The northern mountains
• b) The great plain
• c) The central highlands
• d) The peninsular plateau
• e) The east coast belt
• f) The west coast belts
• g) The islands. Entire country has been divided into 6 major river resource regions, 35 basins, 112 catchments, 550 subcatchments and 3237 (major) watersheds.

Water use in Agricultural Production

Development of water resources has been undertaken for specific purposes like irrigation, flood control, hydro-power generation, industrial and drinking water supply. Due to this reason, a large number of projects comprising dams, barrages, hydropower structures, canal network etc., have come up all over the country in successive five year plans.

In a span of five decades, food grain production which was only 51 M.Tons in 1950-51, crossed 208 M.Tons during 1999-2000. India is self sufficient in food grain production and also has 50 M.Tons of buffer stock to meet any shortages which may occur due to bad climatic conditions. India has become second largest producer of wheat, rice and sorghum, the third largest producer of sugarcane and fourth largest producer of cotton. In fruits and vegetables, India shares first position with China. In the animal husbandry and dairy sector too, progress has been quite impressive. India has witnessed developments in inland fish production and has the distinction of being the seventh largest producer of fish in the world and second largest producer of inland fish after China. Among the states, West Bengal is the highest producer followed by Andhra Pradesh and Bihar. These three states together produce 50% of the total inland fish production in the country, while the state of West Bengal alone accounts for 1/3 of this production.

The country’s population which is over 1.22 billion and is expected to reach around 1.39 billion by 2025. The food grain production will have to be raised to around 350 M.Tons by the year 2025. This therefore requires “development of water resources” so as to meet the food and fiber of our growing population. Irrigation constitutes the main component of water use in rural areas. The land holdings of India are predominantly of small size. Marginal size holdings (< 1 hectare) with an average size of 0.4 hectare constitute 59%, small holdings of 1 to 2 hectare size constitute 19% of the total land holdings. Semi-medium holdings of 2 to 4 hectare account for 13.2% and rest are medium (7.2%) and large (1.6%).

Drinking water supply in India

Rural water supply in India is largest of its kind in the world and remarkable achievement has been made due to the combined effect of state and central governments. There is considerable depletion of ground water due to inadequate recharging efforts, heavy dependence of ground water for irrigation and drinking water supply and neglect of traditional practices such as rain water harvesting resulted in the depletion of ground water which has fallen short of 20 cms/year. Our country is facing three major challenges in water sector namely a) slippage of covered habitations, b) water quality problems, c) sustainability of sources and systems as reported by Meenakshi Sundaram, in the year 2002. Despite improved coverage and access to drinking water supply in rural India, about 217, 211 habitations are facing water quality problems. Meenakshi Sundaram also emphasized the need to take up remote sensing techniques to identify the location of water bodies like ponds, lakes, tanks, etc., under the project ‘SWAJALDHARA’.

Quality of fresh water is declining year after year. Water distress is commonly seen in desert and drought prone areas. In addition, improper utilization of water resources and neglect of traditional water resources environment have further aggravated the situation. Due to this reason, degradation of quality and incidence water related diseases, water scarcity and falling water levels in several parts of the country. To solve this perennial problem, Government of India proposed a plan in 2003 for “Interlinking of various rivers of India”. This programme has certain objectives such as augmentation of irrigation agriculture (35 M.ha i.e., from 140 M.ha. to 175 M.ha.), clean and potable water for urban and industrial areas, to generate cost effective hydropower (35,000 to 40,000 MW), inland navigation, employment generation, ecological up-gradation due to regular supply of water, utilization of flood and drought and afforestation. “Interlinking of rivers” should become social and economic programme for distribution of water for domestic and other purposes and main issues concerning environment, ecology and displacement of people, etc.

Although, the availability of water decreasing year after year, yet in India water continues to be used inefficiently. If India were to succeed in social, economic and environment fronts, fundamental changes in how water is captured, allocated, managed and planning must occur. Therefore there is urgent need to evolve “water accounting and budgeting” at national, regional, sub-regional and grass root level (i.e., village or block level) so as to ensure utilization of water more judiciously. This also provides water scarcity, food security, health security, ecological security and livelihood security for the people.

Management of water resources

Judicious management of groundwater is very much necessary through scientific resources management and conservation. In India, utilization of ground water potential is limited and requires proper management. In many developed countries, law does not permit to use the groundwater indiscriminately. This requires thorough understanding of hydrology, GW system, SW systems, availability of energy from pumping and social dynamics.

Water demand trends
At independence, population was less than 400 million and per capita water availability over 5000 cubic meter per year. With the population crossed 1 billion mark, water availability has fallen to about 2000 m3/year per capita. By the year 2025 capita availability is projected at only 1500 m3/year or 30% of availability levels at independence.

Population and water availability trends
Indian economy depends on availability of ground water as an important component of water. 80% of groundwater is used for domestic purpose and an important source of drinking water and security of food in India. 50% groundwater is used for urban and industrial uses. Very significant percentage of water is used for irrigation and contributed to India’s agriculture and economic development. The per capita water availability of natural runoff is at least 1100 cu.m. Per year. Due to water pollution and inappropriate waste disposal, water availability of ground and surface water is further reduced. Though India is facing various serious water constraints to-day, India is not on the whole a water scarce country. The present water availability in India is approximately 2200 m3 per annum, actually compares quite favourably with a number of other countries.

Water sharing issues

More than 1.3 billion people live in south Asia. Almost half of these depend on river system for water needs. Many of those major rivers, some of which are amongst the world’s largest, flow across national borders and have been source of tension in the region.

In western part of sub continent, water of the Indian basin are shared and by Pakistan and India. In north and north-east, the basins of Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna are shared by India, Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh and some areas in China. Even within the country, there are plenty problems pertaining to water sharing between the states. In south India, Cauvery water is shared by Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry and Kerala and Krishna River is shared by Karnataka, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh. Cauvery tribunal was formed by Government of India in 1990 to look into the matter. Tribunal has allocated 419 billion sq ft of water annually to Tamil Nadu, 270 billion ft2 to Karnataka and 7 billion sq ft to Pondicherry and 30 billion sq ft Kerala. Sharing of Krishna River was referred to Bachawat commission which has agreed to allocate 560TMC to Maharashtra, 700TMC to Karnataka and 800 TMC to Andhra Pradesh.

Water sector investment
India is giving top priority for the investment in water sector for sustained economic growth since independence. Huge amount is invested for irrigation of Rs.576 billion the gross irrigated area, increased four-fold from 23 million hectares in 1951 to about 90 million hectare in 1997, substantially increasing and stabilizing the income of millions of farmers throughout the country. Considerable achievement has been made in drinking water coverage. About 85% of Indian urban population has access to public water supplies and over 75% of the rural population is now provided with public water supply.

Reforms in the water sector
Various reforms in the management of water resources are necessary but by its nature water is multi-dimensional. It involves users from different sectors with widely different needs. Due to federal administrative structure and enormous population, India’s task is made all the more difficult. Government should allocate sufficient amount in the budget and stringent environment laws are to be enacted. Implementation of reforms needs to be made through public debate and participatory process.

National water policy

This policy mainly addressed to vital issues related to develop, conserve, utilize and manage water resources in 21st Century. The major aspect is that “Integrated water resources development plan in the country and cautioned the timely action in respect of

• a) water efficiency should be improved,
• b) taking necessary steps for demand and supply,
• c) to protect the surface water flow through major, medium and minor storages.

The All India Soil and Land Use Survey (AISLUS) reported that the entire country has 3,237 major watersheds. Each watershed contains a complex mixture of land use characteristics, climatic conditions, landscapes, soil types and agricultural systems. Cropping pattern of an area is determined by many factors which include rainfall, soil types, climate, characteristics and farmer’s requirements of food grains for self consumption as well as market supply and net rate of financial gain, resulting in various alternative crops that can be grown in that area. Every state of the country should concentrate on its agro-ecological and agro-climatic conditions.