Gene Editing: A Promising Tool to Combat Bird Flu

Mutiple Choice Questions

1. What is gene editing technology used for in the context of the article?
a) Creating disease-resistant animals
b) Developing new vaccines for bird flu
c) Preventing the spread of avian influenza
d) Eliminating infected birds from biosecurity measures

Explanation: Gene editing technology is used in this context to create disease-resistant animals, specifically to protect chickens from bird flu. This is mentioned in the article as a potential solution to curtail the spread of avian influenza.

2. Why are bird flu outbreaks a concern for human health?
a) They can trigger devastating human pandemics
b) They cause economic losses
c) They result in the destruction of millions of chickens
d) They lead to the rapid evolution of the bird flu virus

Explanation: Bird flu outbreaks are a concern for human health because they have the potential to trigger devastating human pandemics. The article states that prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, bird flu was considered a possible trigger for a devastating human pandemic.

3. Why are existing vaccines for bird flu less effective over time?
a) They have limited distribution capabilities
b) They are costly to produce and distribute
c) They only target specific strains of the virus
d) They cannot be used on all poultry species

Explanation: Existing vaccines for bird flu are less effective over time because they only target specific strains of the virus. The article mentions that there are multiple strains of the bird flu virus, and a vaccine is effective against a specific strain only.

4. How does gene editing differ from genetic modification?
a) Gene editing introduces traits to animals that enhance animal welfare
b) Gene editing involves transferring genes between different species
c) Gene editing uses the CRISPR/Cas9 molecular scissors
d) Gene editing is subject to stringent regulations in many countries

Explanation: Gene editing differs from genetic modification because it refers to the process of making precise changes in a specific gene in an animal to introduce traits, such as resistance to a particular disease, increased productivity, and characteristics that enhance animal welfare. Genetic modification, on the other hand, involves transferring a gene from one species to another.

5. What did the gene editing study mentioned in the article demonstrate about the resistance of gene-edited chickens to bird flu?
a) All gene-edited chickens displayed complete resistance to the virus
b) None of the gene-edited chickens became infected with the virus
c) Only a few of the gene-edited chickens were infected with the virus
d) The gene-edited chickens were more susceptible to the virus compared to normal chickens

Explanation: The gene editing study mentioned in the article demonstrated that 9 out of 10 gene-edited chickens displayed complete resistance to the bird flu virus when exposed to a low dose of the virus. However, when the gene-edited chickens were inoculated with a high, unnatural dose of the virus, 5 out of the 10 chickens became infected.

6. What is the next step in gene editing research mentioned in the article?
a) Identifying the specific combination of gene edits needed for permanent protection against bird flu
b) Developing new vaccines that are effective against all strains of the virus
c) Testing the resistance of gene-edited chickens to other diseases
d) Promoting the development of gene editing through supportive government regulations

Explanation: The next step in gene editing research mentioned in the article is to identify the specific combination of gene edits needed to create the next generation of gene-edited chickens, providing complete and permanent protection against bird flu. This is mentioned as an ongoing research aim.

7. What potential does gene editing have for global food security and public health?
a) It can eliminate the need for vaccines in poultry farming
b) It can prevent the spread of avian influenza in humans
c) It can protect livestock from other animal diseases
d) It can create disease-resistant animals and enhance animal welfare

Explanation: Gene editing has the potential to protect global food security and public health by creating disease-resistant animals and enhancing animal welfare. This is mentioned in the article as a compelling reason to pursue gene editing as an innovative path in biotechnology.

Brief Summary | UPSC – IAS

Recent advancements in gene editing technology have the potential to create disease-resistant animals, which could help curb the spread of bird flu. A study demonstrated the ability of gene editing to protect chickens from bird flu, a disease that poses a risk to human health and causes significant economic losses. Vaccinations are limited in their effectiveness due to the rapid evolution of the bird flu virus and the existence of multiple strains. Gene editing, on the other hand, targets proteins in chickens that are vital for all strains of the virus, effectively stopping its spread. Further research is being conducted to develop the next generation of gene-edited chickens for complete and permanent protection against bird flu. Supportive government regulations are necessary to promote gene editing for animal health and welfare.

Exploring Fast Radio Bursts: Pulsating Mysteries in the Universe

This artist’s impression, not to scale, illustrates the path of a fast radio burst from the distant galaxy where it originated all the way to Earth, in one of the Milky Way galaxy’s spiral arms, in this handout picture obtained on October 20, 2023.

Mutiple Choice Questions

1. What are fast radio bursts?
a) Brief flashes of radiation that occur in outer space
b) Visible bursts of light emitted by pulsars
c) Inaudible bursts of sound coming from distant galaxies
d) High-energy explosions occurring within our galaxy

Explanation: Fast radio bursts are brief flashes of radiation that occur in outer space.

2. Which of the following statements about fast radio bursts is true?
a) They are easily observable with the naked eye.
b) They are only detectable within our own galaxy.
c) They provide a new tool to study the cosmic web of matter.
d) They occur outside the field of view of radio telescopes.

Explanation: Fast radio bursts provide a new tool to study the cosmic web of matter floating in the space between galaxies.

3. What does the slowing down of fast radio bursts indicate?
a) The bursts are caused by rotating neutron stars.
b) The bursts are traveling through dark matter.
c) The bursts have traveled a long distance.
d) The bursts are getting closer to Earth.

Explanation: The slowing down of fast radio bursts indicates that the bursts have traveled a long distance.

4. Which telescope was used to detect the most distant fast radio burst ever detected?
a) Australian SKA Pathfinder (ASKAP) radio telescope
b) Very Large Telescope (VLT)
c) Square Kilometre Array (SKA)
d) Hubble Space Telescope

Explanation: The Very Large Telescope (VLT) was used to detect the most distant fast radio burst ever detected.

5. What is the significance of the most distant fast radio burst detection?
a) It confirmed the existence of energetic bursts in the distant universe.
b) It provided insight into the structure of galaxies throughout time.
c) It pushed the boundaries of our research on fast radio bursts.
d) All of the above.

Explanation: The most distant fast radio burst detection confirmed the existence of energetic bursts in the distant universe, provided insight into the structure of galaxies throughout time, and pushed the boundaries of our research on fast radio bursts.

6. What is the potential limit on the amount of energy carried by a fast radio burst?
a) Astrophysical phenomena
b) Quantum mechanical effects
c) Electromagnetic radiation
d) Atmospheric interference

Explanation: The potential limit on the amount of energy carried by a fast radio burst may be determined by quantum mechanical effects.

7. What are future radio telescopes like the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) expected to achieve?
a) Detection of bursts at ever greater distances
b) Mapping of the structure of the universe
c) Resolving the mysteries of fast radio bursts
d) All of the above

Explanation: Future radio telescopes like the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) are expected to detect bursts at ever greater distances, map the structure of the universe, and help resolve the mysteries of fast radio bursts.

Brief Summary | UPSC – IAS

Astronomers have discovered the most distant fast radio burst (FRB) ever detected, an 8-billion-year-old pulse that has been traveling for over half the lifetime of the universe. FRBs are brief flashes of intense radiation that occur all across the sky and are invisible to the naked eye. They provide a new tool to study the cosmic web of matter between galaxies. The recent discovery confirms that FRBs can be used to study the composition of the distant universe and pushes the boundaries of what we know about these enigmatic phenomena. More sensitive telescopes will likely lead to further discoveries in the future.

Antarctica’s Lost World: A Glimpse of the Past

An illustration shows how a landscape the size of Belgium located in Wilkes Land, East Antarctica, would appear if the thick ice sheet covering it were lifted away. | Photo Credit: Stewart Jamieson, Durham University/Reuters

Note: The HTML heading tags (h1, h2) have been used to structure the article’s content.

Mutiple Choice Questions

1. What evidence did scientists use to detect a buried ancient landscape in Antarctica?

A) Ice-penetrating radar data
B) Satellite observations of the ice surface
C) Both A and B
D) Fossil record

Explanation: Scientists used both ice-penetrating radar data from a plane flying over the site and satellite observations of the ice surface to detect the buried ancient landscape in Antarctica.

2. How large is the ancient landscape discovered in East Antarctica’s Wilkes Land?

A) Roughly the size of Belgium
B) Roughly the size of the U.S. state of Maryland
C) Roughly the size of both Belgium and Maryland combined
D) The exact size is unknown

Explanation: The ancient landscape discovered in East Antarctica’s Wilkes Land is roughly the size of Belgium or the U.S. state of Maryland.

3. When does the discovered landscape appear to date back to?

A) At least 14 million years ago
B) At least 34 million years ago
C) Both A and B
D) Less than 14 million years ago

Explanation: The discovered landscape in East Antarctica’s Wilkes Land appears to date back to at least 14 million years ago and possibly even beyond 34 million years ago.

4. What can be inferred about the climate of Antarctica when the ancient landscape existed?

A) It was warmer than the current climate.
B) It ranged from the climate of present-day Patagonia to tropical.
C) Both A and B
D) It was colder than the current climate.

Explanation: The climate of Antarctica when the ancient landscape existed was likely warmer than the current climate, with the possibility of climates ranging from that of present-day Patagonia to something more approaching tropical.

5. How thick is the ice above the ancient landscape?

A) Approximately 2.2-3 km
B) Approximately 1 km
C) Approximately 5 km
D) The exact thickness is unknown

Explanation: The ice above the ancient landscape measures about 2.2-3 km thick.

6. What could secure evidence revealing the ancient flora and fauna of the buried landscape?

A) Ice-penetrating radar data
B) Satellite observations of the ice surface
C) Drilling through the ice and obtaining core samples
D) Fossil record

Explanation: To secure evidence revealing the ancient flora and fauna of the buried landscape, drilling through the ice and obtaining core samples of sediments below would be necessary.

7. What makes the land underneath the ice in Antarctica less known than the surface of Mars?

A) Lack of satellite observations
B) Lack of ice-penetrating radar data
C) Lack of exploration and research
D) Lack of interest from scientists

Explanation: The land underneath the ice in Antarctica is less known than the surface of Mars because it has received less exploration and research compared to the surface of Mars.

8. What has previous research revealed about ancient landscapes beneath Antarctica’s ice?

A) Mountains and highlands
B) Valleys and ridges
C) Both A and B
D) Rivers and forests

Explanation: Previous research has revealed ancient landscapes beneath Antarctica’s ice, including mountains and highlands. However, the landscape discovered in the new study was the first of its type.

9. What did Antarctica once resemble before 34 million years ago?

A) Present-day cold temperate rainforests of Tasmania, New Zealand, and Patagonia
B) Present-day desolate land of ice and snow
C) Present-day deserts of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula
D) Present-day tropical rainforests of South America

Explanation: Antarctica likely resembled today’s cold temperate rainforests of Tasmania, New Zealand, and South America’s Patagonia region before 34 million years ago.

10. How long ago did Antarctica become isolated from other land masses?

A) Less than 14 million years ago
B) Exactly 34 million years ago
C) More than 34 million years ago
D) The exact time is unknown

Explanation: Antarctica became isolated from other land masses in a geological process called plate tectonics, but the exact time of isolation is unknown.

Brief Summary | UPSC – IAS

Scientists have discovered a vast ancient landscape buried beneath Antarctica’s ice sheet that was once home to rivers and forests. Using satellite observations and ice-penetrating radar, researchers have found valleys and ridges, indicating a landscape shaped by rivers long ago. The landscape measures the size of Belgium and may date back at least 14 million years, when Antarctica entered its deep freeze. The ice above the ancient landscape is 2.2-3 km thick, making it difficult to unlock the secrets of the buried world. The researchers hope to drill through the ice to obtain core samples and discover evidence of ancient flora and fauna.

Exploring the Hanle Dark Sky Reserve: A Window to the Star

In this comprehensive article, we delve into the significance, features, objectives, effects, pros and cons of the Hanle Dark Sky Reserve. This reserve, located in Ladakh, India, is India’s first dark sky region and is centered around the Indian Astronomical Observatory. It preserves the natural darkness of the night sky by reducing light pollution in the surrounding areas and promotes astrotourism to enhance the region’s socio-economic development.

The article highlights the importance of a dark sky and its ability to provide a clearer view of celestial objects. It mentions the visibility of stars, the Milky Way, star clusters, nebulae, galaxies, and optical phenomena like zodiacal light, airglow, and gegenschein. The HDSR offers an opportunity to witness these wonders of the night sky with a level of clarity that is often obscured by light pollution in urban areas.

The objectives of the Hanle Dark Sky Reserve include preserving natural darkness, promoting scientific research and education in astronomy, and strengthening India’s position in the field of astronomy and astrotourism. The effects of the reserve include increased tourism and economic growth, preservation of cultural significance, and support for scientific endeavors.

While there are numerous advantages to the establishment of the Hanle Dark Sky Reserve, such as the preservation of natural darkness and promotion of eco-friendly tourism, there are also considerations like limited accessibility, potential environmental impact, and the need for strict regulations to control light pollution.

To gauge the night sky’s brightness, amateur astronomers use the Bortle Scale, which ranges from Class 1 (darkest skies) to Class 9 (light-polluted skies). Hanle’s Bortle Class 1 skies provide an extraordinary observation experience for stargazers and astronomers.

In conclusion, the Hanle Dark Sky Reserve is a significant step towards preserving natural darkness and promoting astrotourism in India. It offers a unique opportunity to explore the wonders of the night sky and contributes to scientific research, economic growth, and cultural preservation.

Mutiple Choice Questions

1. What is the Hanle Dark Sky Reserve (HDSR)?
a. A reserve located in Ladakh that preserves the dark skies and promotes astrotourism
b. A reserve located in Leh that promotes eco-tourism
c. A reserve located in Ladakh that is home to numerous wildlife species
d. A reserve located in Leh that conducts astronomical research

Explanation: The Hanle Dark Sky Reserve (HDSR) is India’s first dark sky region, centered at Hanle in Eastern Ladakh. It preserves the dark skies by reducing light pollution and promotes astrotourism.

2. Why is a dark sky beneficial for observing celestial objects?
a. It allows us to see thousands of stars in the night sky.
b. It enhances air quality and reduces light pollution.
c. It provides a peaceful and serene environment for outdoor activities.
d. It increases the brightness of artificial lighting sources.

Explanation: A dark sky allows us to see thousands of stars in the night sky, as well as other celestial objects such as the Milky Way, star clusters, nebulae, and galaxies.

3. What does the Bortle Scale measure?
a. Air quality in different geographical locations
b. The intensity of natural light sources
c. The brightness of the night sky at a given location
d. The visibility of constellations and planets

Explanation: The Bortle Scale helps amateur astronomers measure the brightness of the night sky at a given location. It ranges from Class 1 (darkest skies) to Class 9 (light-marred skies over cities).

4. What is the purpose of the HDSR Star Party?
a. To observe celestial objects under pristine night skies
b. To educate the public about astrophotography techniques
c. To promote eco-tourism in Ladakh
d. To provide a platform for professional astronomers to exchange ideas

Explanation: The HDSR Star Party is an event that allows amateur astronomers to observe under pristine night skies, connect with fellow astronomers, and exchange ideas and information on astronomy.

5. What is the potential impact of HDSR and similar dark sky reserves?
a. Promoting astrotourism and enhancing socio-economic development in the area
b. Preserving wildlife habitats and promoting conservation efforts
c. Encouraging the use of renewable energy sources to reduce light pollution
d. Facilitating international collaboration in astronomical research

Explanation: HDSR and similar dark sky reserves have the potential to promote astrotourism, which can contribute to socio-economic development in the area. By preserving dark skies, they create opportunities for visitors to observe celestial objects and support local communities.

Brief Summary | UPSC – IAS

The Hanle Dark Sky Reserve (HDSR) in Ladakh, India, is the country’s first dark sky region. It is located at an altitude of 4,300 meters and is centered around the Indian Astronomical Observatory. The HDSR aims to preserve the dark skies by reducing light pollution and promotes astrotourism for socio-economic development in the region. The article describes the experience of a group of amateur astronomers who attended the HDSR Star Party, where they observed stars, celestial objects, and optical phenomena under the dark skies of Hanle. The event was a success and is likely to become an annual event, contributing to the growth of astrotourism in the area.

The Influence of Cell Stiffness on Wound Healing and Tissue Remodeling

The Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru

Note: The HTML heading tags have been added as requested.

Mutiple Choice Questions

1. How does the stiffness of a cell’s microenvironment influence its form and function?
a) It has no effect on the cell’s form and function.
b) It alters the cell structure and function.
c) It causes scar formation.
d) It leads to conditions like cardiac arrest.

Explanation: According to the given information, the stiffness of a cell’s microenvironment alters the cell structure and function. The research team found that fibroblast cells cultured on substrates with different stiffness levels showed changes in their structure and function.

2. Which type of cells are involved in extensive remodeling of the extracellular matrix?
a) Fibroblast cells
b) Cancer cells
c) Cardiac cells
d) Connective tissue cells

Explanation: As mentioned in the given information, fibroblast cells are the building blocks of our body’s connective tissue and are involved in extensive remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) surrounding biological cells.

3. What is the significance of the signaling protein Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) in relation to cells and their microenvironment?
a) It has no influence on cells and their microenvironment.
b) It regulates cell growth and cell death.
c) It causes cell cycle arrest.
d) It is responsible for scar formation.

Explanation: The given information states that the activity of fibroblasts and the downstream ECM architecture is regulated by the signaling protein TGF-β. This protein plays a role in regulating cell growth and cell death.

4. What aspect of wound healing does inefficient wound healing result in?
a) Scar formation
b) Cardiac arrest
c) Cancer development
d) Fibrosis

Explanation: According to the given information, inefficient wound healing results in tissue fibrosis, which can cause scar formation and may even lead to conditions like cardiac arrest.

5. What additional mechanical factors can influence the activity of the signaling protein TGF-β?
a) Chemical changes
b) Biomechanical changes
c) Surface properties and cell stretch
d) Substrate stiffness

Explanation: The researchers mentioned in the given information that they plan to study how other mechanical factors, such as surface properties and cell stretch, can also influence the activity of the signaling protein TGF-β. Therefore, surface properties and cell stretch are additional mechanical factors that can influence TGF-β activity.

Brief Summary | UPSC – IAS

Researchers at the Indian Institute of Science have discovered that the stiffness of a cell’s microenvironment affects its shape and function. The study found that when the stiffness of a polymer substrate that fibroblast cells were grown on changed, it altered the structure and function of the cells. Fibroblast cells are involved in remodelling the extracellular matrix that surrounds cells, and changes in stiffness caused the cells to become rounder and exhibit changes in protein levels. The researchers also identified that the signalling protein Transforming Growth Factor-β played a role in regulating the changes in cell behaviour caused by changes in substrate stiffness.

ISRO Successfully Launches Gaganyaan’s Flight Test Vehicle Abort Mission-1

October 25, 2023 09:55 pm | Updated October 27, 2023 10:01 am IST – THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

ISRO successfully launched the Gaganyaan’s Flight Test Vehicle Abort Mission-1 (TV-D1) from Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota.
| Photo Credit: ANI

After the successful Test Vehicle-D1 (TV-D1) mission on October 21, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has lined up more test missions in the months ahead for the Gaganyaan programme.

Significance

The successful launch of the Gaganyaan’s Flight Test Vehicle Abort Mission-1 marks a significant milestone in India’s human spaceflight program. It demonstrates ISRO’s capability to safely abort a mission in case of emergencies, ensuring the safety of future crewed missions.

Features

The Gaganyaan’s Flight Test Vehicle Abort Mission-1 utilized a crew module with a service module. The mission also featured ‘Vyommitra,’ a female robot astronaut designed by the ISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU). The mission aimed to test control systems, a reduced version of the life support system, thermal protection systems, and parachute systems.

Objectives

The objectives of the Gaganyaan’s Flight Test Vehicle Abort Mission-1 were to demonstrate the capability to abort a mission in-flight, test various systems critical for crewed missions, and evaluate the performance of the crew module and its recovery systems.

Effects

The successful launch of the test vehicle demonstrates India’s growing capabilities in space exploration and human spaceflight. It boosts the country’s reputation in the global space community and opens up possibilities for future crewed missions and collaborations.

Pros and Cons

The successful mission highlights the technical prowess and progress of ISRO in the field of human spaceflight. However, challenges and risks associated with crewed missions, such as ensuring the safety and well-being of astronauts, managing mission costs, and addressing technical complexities, need to be carefully evaluated and addressed.

Fun Fact: The Gaganyaan’s Flight Test Vehicle Abort Mission-1 featured ‘Vyommitra,’ a humanoid robot designed to simulate crew activities and monitor environmental parameters during future crewed missions. It is the first humanoid to be sent to space by ISRO.

Mutiple Choice Questions

1. What is the purpose of the Gaganyaan’s Flight Test Vehicle Abort Mission-1 (TV-D1)?
a) To test the life support system for the crew
b) To demonstrate in-flight abort capability
c) To test control systems and thermal protection systems
d) To launch the robot astronaut Vyommitra

Explanation: The purpose of the Gaganyaan’s Flight Test Vehicle Abort Mission-1 (TV-D1) is to demonstrate in-flight abort capability under different initial conditions with respect to the launch vehicle.

2. What is the upcoming test mission for the Gaganyaan programme?
a) TV-D2 mission
b) G-X unmanned orbital demonstration flight
c) Pad Abort Test
d) Integrated Air-Drop Test (IADT)

Explanation: The upcoming test missions for the Gaganyaan programme include the TV-D2 mission, the G-X unmanned orbital demonstration flight, an Integrated Air-Drop Test (IADT), and a Pad Abort Test.

3. What is the purpose of the G-X unmanned orbital demonstration flight?
a) To test the parachute systems
b) To test the control systems
c) To test the life support system for the crew
d) To put the control systems and thermal protection systems to the test

Explanation: The purpose of the G-X unmanned orbital demonstration flight is to put the control systems, a “reduced version” of the life support system for the crew, thermal protection systems, and the parachute systems to the test.

4. What is the name of the robot astronaut designed and developed by the ISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU)?
a) Vyommitra
b) Gaganyaan
c) ISRO-1
d) TV-D1

Explanation: The name of the robot astronaut designed and developed by the ISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU) is Vyommitra.

5. What is the purpose of the Test Vehicle-D1 (TV-D1) mission?
a) To demonstrate in-flight abort capability
b) To test the parachute systems
c) To launch the G-X unmanned orbital demonstration flight
d) To test the crew module with service module

Explanation: The purpose of the Test Vehicle-D1 (TV-D1) mission is to demonstrate in-flight abort capability.

Brief Summary | UPSC – IAS

The Indian Space Research Organisation’s (ISRO) Gaganyaan programme, which aims to send humans to space, has successfully completed its first test mission. ISRO has planned a series of upcoming tests, including the TV-D2 mission, an unmanned orbital demonstration flight, an Integrated Air-Drop Test, and a Pad Abort Test. The G-X mission, which will feature the ‘female’ robot astronaut Vyommitra, will test control systems, a reduced version of the life support system, thermal protection systems, and parachute systems. ISRO is also considering reusing the crew module from the first test mission for future tests after a thorough inspection and cleaning.

Reproducibility in Scientific Research: Ensuring Reliable Findings

Since I was a little boy, like many Bengalis of my generation, I have been obsessed with Satyajit Ray’s tales about the mythical scientist Professor Shonku. Among his other magical inventions are “Miracurall,” a drug that cures all illnesses except the common cold; “Annihillin,” a pistol that can exterminate any living thing; “Shonkoplane,” a small hovercraft built on anti-gravity technology; and “Omniscope,” which combined the telescope, microscope, and X-ray-scope. Evidently, Prof. Shonku was a brilliant scientist and inventor.

Or was he?

Reproducible research

The fact that none of Shonku’s powerful and useful inventions could be produced in a factory and that only he was capable of manufacturing them was a genuinely disheartening feature of his innovations. Later, after being exposed to the scientific community, I understood that Prof. Shonku couldn’t be considered a ‘scientist’ in the strictest sense of the word for this precise reason. The reproducibility of research is the essence of scientific truth and inventions.

In his 1934 book The Logic of Scientific Discovery, the Austrian-British philosopher Karl Popper wrote: “Non-reproducible single occurrences are of no significance to science.” This said, in some fields, especially observational sciences, where inferences are drawn from events and processes beyond the observer’s control, irreproducible one-time events can still be a significant source of scientific information, so reproducibility is not a critical requirement.

Consider the 1994 collision of Comet Shoemaker-Levy with Jupiter. It offered a wealth of knowledge on the dynamics of the Jovian atmosphere as well as preliminary proof of the danger posed by meteorite and comet impacts. One may recall the famous observation made by Stephen Jay Gould in his brilliant 1989 book Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History, that if one were to “rewind the tape of life,” the consequences would surely be different, with the likelihood that nothing resembling us would exist.

“We’re all biased”

However, scientists working in most disciplines do not have that kind of leverage, for sure. In fact, reproducibility – or the lack thereof – has become a very pressing issue in more recent years.

In a 2011 study, researchers evaluated 67 medical research projects and found that just 6% were fully repeatable whereas 65% showed inconsistencies when evaluated again. An article in Nature on October 12, 2023, reported that 246 researchers examined a common pool of ecological data but came to significantly different conclusions. The effort echoes a 2015 attempt to replicate 100 research findings in psychology, but managed to do so for less than half.

In 2019, the British Journal of Anaesthesia conducted a novel study to address the “over-interpretation, spin, and subjective bias” of researchers. One paper had disregarded the potential link between higher anaesthetic doses and earlier deaths among elderly patients. However, by analyzing the same data in another 2019 paper in the same journal, different researchers found different death rates. The new paper also argued that there weren’t enough trial participants present to reach that conclusion, or any conclusion at all, about mortality.

The purpose of such an analysis – publishing two articles based on the same experimental data – was to broaden the scope of replication attempts beyond just techniques and findings. The lead author of the original paper, Frederick Sieber, commended the methodology saying, “We’re all biased and this gives a second pair of eyes.”

Affirming the method

Replicating other people’s scientific experiments appears messy. But could trying to replicate one’s own findings be chaotic as well? According to one intriguing paper published in 2016, more than 70% of researchers have failed to replicate the experiments of other scientists, and more than half have attempted and failed to replicate their own experiments. The analysis was based on an online survey of 1,576 researchers conducted by Nature.

The Oxford English Dictionary’s definition of “reproducibility” is “the extent to which consistent results are obtained when produced repeatedly.” It is thus a fundamental tenet of science and an affirmation of the scientific method. In theory, researchers should be able to replicate experiments, get the same outcomes, and draw the same conclusions, thus helping to validate and strengthen the original work. Reproducibility is significant not because it checks for the ‘correctness’ of outcomes but because it ensures the transparency of exactly what was done in a particular area of study.

Axiomatically, the inability to reproduce a study could have a variety of causes. The main factors are likely to be pressure to publish and selective reporting. Other factors include inadequate lab replication, poor management, low statistical power, reagent variability, or the use of specialized techniques that are challenging to replicate.

Our responsibility

In this milieu, how can we improve the reproducibility of research?

Some obvious solutions include more robust experimental design, better statistics, robust sharing of data, materials, software, and other tools, the use of authenticated biomaterials, publishing negative data, and better mentorship. All of these, however, are difficult to guarantee in this age of “publish or perish” – where a researcher’s mere survival in the academic setting depends on their performance in publishing.

Funding organizations and publishers can also do more to enhance reproducibility. Researchers are increasingly being advised to publish their data alongside their papers and to make public the full context of their analyses. The ‘many analysts’ method – which essentially employs many pairs of eyes in which different researchers are given the same data and the same study questions – was pioneered by psychologists and social scientists in the middle 2010s.

All this said, today, it seems that we simply can’t depend on any one outcome or one study to tell us the complete story because of the pervasive reproducibility issue. We are more acutely experiencing this awful state. Maybe we will have to understand that it is our responsibility to ensure reproducibility in our research – more so to avoid risking becoming a fictitious scientist like Prof. Shonku.

Atanu Biswas is Professor of Statistics, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata.

Fun Fact: Satyajit Ray, the renowned filmmaker and writer, created the mythical scientist Professor Shonku in his stories, capturing the imagination of many Bengalis and intertwining science and fiction.

Mutiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following is NOT one of the inventions of Professor Shonku?
a) Miracurall
b) Annihillin
c) Shonkoplane
d) Omniscope
Explanation: The passage states that “Among his other magical inventions are ‘Miracurall,'” which implies that Miracurall is indeed one of Professor Shonku’s inventions.

2. According to the passage, why couldn’t Professor Shonku be considered a ‘scientist’ in the strictest sense?
a) He lacked the knowledge and expertise of a scientist.
b) His inventions were not reproducible by others.
c) He didn’t publish his research findings.
d) He only focused on one specific scientific field.
Explanation: The passage states that “none of Shonku’s powerful and useful inventions could be produced in a factory and that only he was capable of manufacturing them,” which indicates that his inventions were not reproducible by others.

3. In which book did Karl Popper write about the importance of reproducibility in scientific research?
a) The Logic of Scientific Discovery
b) Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History
c) The Oxford English Dictionary
d) The Miracurall Inventions
Explanation: The passage states that “In his 1934 book The Logic of Scientific Discovery, the Austrian-British philosopher Karl Popper wrote: ‘Non-reproducible single occurrences are of no significance to science.'”

4. What significant event provided scientific knowledge about the dynamics of the Jovian atmosphere?
a) The collision of Comet Shoemaker-Levy with Jupiter
b) The publication of the book Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History
c) The replication of 100 research findings in psychology
d) The creation of the Shonkoplane by Professor Shonku
Explanation: The passage states that “Consider the 1994 collision of Comet Shoemaker-Levy with Jupiter. It offered a wealth of knowledge on the dynamics of the Jovian atmosphere.”

5. What percentage of medical research projects were found to be fully repeatable in a 2011 study?
a) 6%
b) 65%
c) 100%
d) 50%
Explanation: The passage states that “researchers evaluated 67 medical research projects and found that just 6% were fully repeatable.”

6. What method was used to address the “over-interpretation, spin, and subjective bias” of researchers in a study conducted by the British Journal of Anaesthesia?
a) The replication of experiments by different researchers
b) The use of authenticated biomaterials
c) The publication of negative data
d) The creation of novel scientific inventions
Explanation: The passage states that “The purpose of such an analysis – publishing two articles based on the same experimental data – was to broaden the scope of replication attempts beyond just techniques and findings.”

7. According to the passage, what percentage of researchers have failed to replicate the experiments of other scientists?
a) More than 70%
b) More than 50%
c) Less than 50%
d) Less than 30%
Explanation: The passage states that “more than 70% of researchers have failed to replicate the experiments of other scientists.”

8. What is the definition of “reproducibility” according to the Oxford English Dictionary?
a) The extent to which consistent results are obtained when produced repeatedly.
b) The ability to publish research findings.
c) The replication of experiments using specialised techniques.
d) The creation of scientific inventions.
Explanation: The passage states that “The Oxford English Dictionary’s definition of ‘reproducibility’ is ‘the extent to which consistent results are obtained when produced repeatedly.'”

9. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a potential cause for the inability to reproduce a study?
a) Pressure to publish and selective reporting
b) Inadequate lab replication
c) High statistical power
d) Reagent variability
Explanation: The passage states that “The main factors are likely to be pressure to publish and selective reporting. Other factors include inadequate lab replication, poor management, low statistical power, reagent variability, or the use of specialised techniques that are challenging to replicate.”

10. What do researchers need to do in order to enhance reproducibility according to the passage?
a) Share data and materials, publish negative data, and improve experimental design
b) Get authenticated biomaterials and better mentorship
c) Depend on one outcome or one study to tell the complete story
d) Replicate experiments using the same study questions
Explanation: The passage suggests that researchers should do more to enhance reproducibility, such as sharing data and materials, publishing negative data, improving experimental design, and seeking better mentorship.

Brief Summary | UPSC – IAS

The article discusses the issue of reproducibility in scientific research. The author reflects on the fictional character Professor Shonku, who was a brilliant scientist and inventor but whose inventions could not be replicated by anyone else. The author argues that reproducibility is essential for scientific truth and inventions. They highlight examples of studies in various fields that have failed to be fully repeated, demonstrating the lack of reproducibility in scientific research. The article suggests potential solutions to improve reproducibility, such as robust experimental design, data sharing, and publishing negative results. Ultimately, the author emphasizes the responsibility of researchers to ensure reproducibility in their work.

The Evolution of Printing: From Wooden Blocks to Moveable Type

Printing has played a crucial role in the dissemination of knowledge and the advancement of human civilization. Throughout history, various printing techniques have emerged, each with its own significance and impact. In this article, we will explore the evolution of printing, from the earliest known form in ancient China to the introduction of moveable type in Europe.

1. The Earliest Form of Printing: Xylography

The earliest known form of printing in ancient China was xylography, which involved cutting calligraphic texts into wooden blocks. This technique allowed for the reproduction of texts through the creation of prints. Xylography was developed by the Chinese around the 8th century and played a crucial role in preserving and spreading knowledge.

2. The Oldest Dated Printed Book: Diamond Sutra

In 868 CE, the oldest dated complete printed book using block printing was discovered in Dunhuang, China. This book, known as the Diamond Sutra, is considered a significant milestone in the history of printing. It bears the date of 11 May 868 CE, showcasing the Chinese mastery of block printing techniques during that time.

3. The Invention of Moveable Type: Johannes Gutenberg

In Europe, Johannes Gutenberg, a goldsmith from Mainz, Germany, revolutionized the printing industry by inventing the moveable type printing press. This allowed for the arrangement of individual metal letters to form words and sentences, making the printing process more efficient and versatile. Gutenberg’s invention paved the way for the mass production of books and the widespread dissemination of knowledge.

4. The Arrival of Printing in Britain: William Caxton

The printing press arrived in Britain in the 15th century, thanks to William Caxton. In 1476, Caxton printed Geoffrey Chaucer’s famous work, “The Canterbury Tales,” marking the beginning of the printing industry in Britain. This development played a vital role in making literature and information more accessible to the general public.

5. The Introduction of Lithography: Aloys Senefelder

Aloys Senefelder, an inventor from Germany, introduced a new printing method called lithography in the late 18th century. Lithography allowed for the reproduction of handwriting and drawings directly on a smooth stone surface. Senefelder’s technique, using a slightly waxy or greasy tool, offered an alternative to traditional printing methods and opened up new possibilities for artistic expression.

Significance and Features

The evolution of printing techniques has had a significant impact on society and culture:

• Preservation of Knowledge: Printing has played a crucial role in preserving and disseminating knowledge, allowing information to be passed on from one generation to another.
• Mass Production: The introduction of moveable type and printing presses facilitated the mass production of books, making them more affordable and accessible to a wider audience.
• Spreading Ideas: Printing has been instrumental in spreading ideas, revolutions, and scientific discoveries, contributing to the advancement of human civilization.
• Artistic Expression: Printing techniques like lithography have allowed artists to reproduce their artworks and expand the reach of their creativity.

Objectives of Printing

The primary objectives of printing include:

• Disseminating Information: Printing enables the widespread distribution of information, ideas, and knowledge.
• Preserving Cultural Heritage: Printing helps in preserving cultural heritage by reproducing important texts and artifacts.
• Educational Purposes: Printing supports education by providing textbooks, study materials, and resources for students and teachers.
• Commercial Applications: Printing plays a vital role in industries such as publishing, advertising, packaging, and manufacturing.

Effects of Printing

The impact of printing on society and civilization has been tremendous:

• Knowledge Revolution: Printing has sparked a knowledge revolution, democratizing access to information and transforming the way people learn and acquire knowledge.
• Social Change: The widespread availability of printed materials has fueled social movements, political revolutions, and cultural shifts throughout history.
• Economic Growth: The printing industry has contributed to economic growth by creating job opportunities, fostering innovation, and supporting various sectors.
• Global Connectivity: Printing has helped connect people from different regions and cultures, fostering cross-cultural understanding and exchange of ideas.

Pros and Cons of Printing

While printing has brought numerous benefits, it also presents some challenges:

• Pros of Printing:
• Wide dissemination of information and knowledge.
• Promotion of literacy and education.
• Preservation of cultural heritage.
• Economic growth and job creation.
• Cons of Printing:
• Environmental impact due to paper consumption and waste.
• Cost and resources required for printing materials and equipment.
• Potential for misinformation and dissemination of false or biased information.
• Dependency on printed materials, limiting accessibility for certain populations with limited resources.

Fun Fact

Did you know that the Gutenberg Bible, printed by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century, is considered one of the most valuable and iconic books in the world? Only around 180 copies were printed, and today, they are highly sought after by collectors, with some copies selling for millions of dollars.

Mutiple Choice Questions

1) What was the earliest known form of printing in ancient China, which involved cutting calligraphic texts into wooden blocks?
a) Typography
b) Xylography
c) Lithography
d) Engraving

Explanation: The earliest known form of printing in ancient China, which involved cutting calligraphic texts into wooden blocks, is called Xylography. Around the 8th century, the Chinese had found a way of cutting calligraphic texts into wooden blocks that could be used to make prints.

2) Which ancient text, dated to 868 CE, is considered the oldest dated complete printed book of block printing, found in Dunhuang, China?
a) Gutenberg Bible
b) The Canterbury Tales
c) Diamond Sutra
d) Mesopotamian Seal

Explanation: The oldest dated complete printed book of block printing is the Diamond Sutra, found at Dunhuang in China, which bears the date of 11 May 868 CE.

3) Who is credited with inventing the movable type printing press in Europe?
a) Aloys Senefelder
b) Johannes Gutenberg
c) Geoffrey Chaucer
d) William Caxton

Explanation: Johannes Gutenberg, a goldsmith from Mainz, Germany, is credited with inventing the movable type printing press in Europe. He was the first to print with moveable type.

4) In which century did the printing press come to Britain, thanks to William Caxton?
a) 1400s
b) 1500s
c) 1600s
d) 1700s

Explanation: The printing press came to Britain in the 1400s when William Caxton printed Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales.

5) Which printing method, invented by Aloys Senefelder, allowed for the reproduction of handwriting and drawings directly on a smooth stone surface?
a) Typography
b) Xylography
c) Engraving
d) Lithography

Explanation: Lithography, invented by Aloys Senefelder in the 1790s, allowed for the reproduction of handwriting and drawings directly on a smooth stone surface. He devised techniques for writing on a surface using a tool that was slightly waxy or greasy.

Brief Summary | UPSC – IAS

The article discusses the history of printing and its various forms. It mentions that the earliest known form of printing in ancient China was xylography, which involved cutting calligraphic texts into wooden blocks. The oldest dated complete printed book of block printing is the Diamond Sutra, found in Dunhuang, China, which dates back to 868 CE. Johannes Gutenberg is credited with inventing the movable type printing press in Europe. The printing press came to Britain in the 15th century, thanks to William Caxton. Aloys Senefelder invented lithography, a printing method that allowed for reproducing handwriting and drawings directly on a smooth stone surface.

The Moon’s Formation: Insights from Apollo 17 Samples

Introduction

The crescent Earth rises above the lunar horizon in this undated NASA handout photograph taken from the Apollo 17 spacecraft in lunar orbit during the final lunar landing mission in the Apollo program in 1972.
| Photo Credit: Reuters

References:

1. The Hindu – Moon formed 4.44 billion years ago, 40 million years earlier than thought: Researchers
2. NASA – Moon (Natural Satellite)

Mutiple Choice Questions

1. What mission collected soil and rock samples from the moon?
a) Apollo 11
b) Apollo 12
c) Apollo 17
d) Apollo 20

Explanation: The correct answer is c) Apollo 17. During the Apollo 17 mission in 1972, U.S. astronauts Harrison Schmitt and Eugene Cernan collected about 243 pounds of soil and rock samples from the moon.

2. What mineral were scientists able to find inside a rock fragment collected during the Apollo 17 mission?
a) Quartz
b) Zircon
c) Diamond
d) Feldspar

Explanation: The correct answer is b) Zircon. Scientists were able to find crystals of the mineral zircon inside a coarse-grained igneous rock fragment collected by Harrison Schmitt during the Apollo 17 mission.

3. How old is the moon based on the analysis of zircon crystals?
a) Approximately 40 million years old
b) Approximately 4.46 billion years old
c) Approximately 110 million years old
d) Approximately 51 years old

Explanation: The correct answer is b) Approximately 4.46 billion years old. Based on the analysis of zircon crystals found in a rock fragment collected during the Apollo 17 mission, scientists determined that the moon formed more than 4.46 billion years ago, within 110 million years after the solar system’s birth.

4. What is the leading hypothesis for lunar formation?
a) Impact of a meteor
b) Volcanic eruption
c) Collision with another planet
d) Gradual accretion of space debris

Explanation: The correct answer is c) Collision with another planet. The leading hypothesis for lunar formation is that a Mars-sized object called Theia collided with primordial Earth, blasting magma into space. This magma eventually coalesced into the moon.

5. What method was used to confirm the age of the zircon crystals?
a) Atom probe tomography
b) Ion microprobe analysis
c) Radiocarbon dating
d) Carbon-14 analysis

Explanation: The correct answer is a) Atom probe tomography. Scientists used atom probe tomography to confirm the age of the zircon crystals found in the rock fragment collected during the Apollo 17 mission. This method helped determine that there were no complications involving the lead atoms, confirming the age of the crystals.

6. How does the moon stabilize Earth’s axis and rotational speed?
a) By exerting gravitational pulls on Earth
b) By absorbing excess heat from Earth
c) By regulating ocean currents
d) By emitting low-frequency vibrations

Explanation: The correct answer is a) By exerting gravitational pulls on Earth. The moon’s gravitational pulls help stabilize Earth’s rotational axis and slow down its rotational speed. This stabilization is important for maintaining a stable climate on Earth.

7. How does the moon contribute to future deep-space explorations?
a) By providing a stable climate for space travel
b) By serving as a stepping stone for space missions
c) By supplying resources for space missions
d) By supporting human cultures and inspirations

Explanation: The correct answer is b) By serving as a stepping stone for space missions. NASA and other space agencies view the moon as a stepping stone for future deep-space explorations. The moon’s proximity to Earth makes it an ideal location for testing technologies and conducting research before venturing further into space.

Brief Summary | UPSC – IAS

The moon is about 40 million years older than previously thought, forming more than 4.46 billion years ago, according to a study based on an analysis of crystals of the mineral zircon collected by U.S. astronauts during the Apollo 17 mission in 1972. The findings provide scientists with a deeper understanding of the moon’s formation and the precise age of Earth’s celestial partner. The study used atom probe tomography to confirm the age of the zircon crystals, which were found in a rock fragment collected from the moon’s surface. The moon’s formation is believed to have resulted from a giant impact between Earth and a Mars-sized object called Theia.

Exploring Mythology and Science: The Significance of Including References to Mythology in the Chandrayaan-3 Reading Module

The Vikram Lander of Chandrayaan-3 mission seen on the moon’s surface in this image clicked through Pragyan Rover’s navigation camera. | Photo Credit: ISRO

The Significance of Including Mythology in the Chandrayaan-3 Reading Module

Recently, the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) released a special reading module on Chandrayaan-3 for schoolchildren, which sparked a debate due to its inclusion of references to mythology. The Union Ministry of Education has defended this decision, stating that mythology plays an indispensable role in a country’s cultural fabric and contributes to fostering creativity, problem-solving skills, and a sense of pride and inspiration among students.

Features and Objectives of the Reading Module

The reading module on Chandrayaan-3 meticulously crafted by NCERT offers a comprehensive overview of various facets of this mission. It encompasses scientific, technological, cultural, and social aspects, providing students with an interactive and engaging learning experience. The module aims not only to promote scientific temper but also to instill a deep understanding of India’s historical legacy and achievements in space exploration.

Effects and Benefits of Including Mythology

Integrating mythology into education has proven to have several positive effects on students. Research studies have highlighted that mythology fosters a profound understanding of a nation’s cultural heritage. It stimulates creativity and nurtures problem-solving skills by presenting diverse ideas and perspectives. Including references to mythology in the reading module helps students develop a sense of pride, inspiration, and curiosity about India’s association with the sky and space exploration.

Promoting Scientific Temper and Cultural Identity

The inclusion of mythology in the reading module serves the dual purpose of promoting scientific temper and preserving cultural identity. By blending scientific facts with mythical stories and concepts, students gain a holistic understanding of India’s rich scientific and cultural heritage. This approach inspires them to pursue scientific inquiry and research by appreciating the intersection of mythology and science.

Fun Fact: Vymaanika Shastra and Pushpakavimana

In the reading module, references were made to mythical concepts like Vymaanika Shastra and Pushpakavimana. Vymaanika Shastra is an ancient text that discusses various types of aircraft and flying machines. Pushpakavimana is a mythical vehicle mentioned in Hindu epics like the Ramayana. Including these fun and intriguing elements from mythology can capture the imagination of students and make the learning experience more enjoyable.

Pros and Cons of Including Mythology in Education

While the inclusion of mythology in education has its merits, it is important to consider some potential drawbacks as well.

Pros:

• Promotes a deeper understanding of cultural heritage
• Enhances creativity and problem-solving skills
• Inspires curiosity and interest in scientific exploration
• Encourages critical thinking and a multidimensional approach to learning

Cons:

• Possibility of confusion between mythological stories and scientific facts
• Challenge of balancing scientific accuracy with mythical interpretations
• May reinforce superstitions and pseudoscience if not approached critically
• Can lead to controversy and debate among educators and rationalists

Considering both the positive and negative aspects, it is crucial for educators to strike a balance when incorporating mythology into the curriculum. By providing proper context, encouraging critical thinking, and emphasizing the distinction between mythology and scientific facts, educators can harness the benefits of mythology while promoting a solid scientific foundation.

In conclusion, the inclusion of references to mythology in the Chandrayaan-3 reading module serves to engage students, promote a profound understanding of India’s cultural heritage, and inspire scientific curiosity. Mythology can be a valuable tool to stimulate creativity and problem-solving skills. However, it is essential to approach mythology in education with caution and ensure a balanced integration of scientific knowledge.

Mutiple Choice Questions

1. What is the purpose of the special reading module on Chandrayaan-3 prepared by NCERT?
a) To promote scientific temper and awareness among schoolchildren
b) To provide a comprehensive overview of various facets of the mission
c) To instill a sense of pride and inspiration in students
d) All of the above

Explanation: The special reading module aims to promote scientific temper, provide a comprehensive overview of the mission, and instill a sense of pride and inspiration among students.

2. Why did the Ministry of Education defend the inclusion of references to mythology in the reading module?
a) Mythology plays an indispensable role in the cultural fabric of any country.
b) Ideas from mythology lead to innovation and research.
c) Integration of culture in education fosters understanding, creativity, and problem-solving skills.
d) All of the above

Explanation: The Ministry of Education defended the inclusion of mythology, stating that it plays a role in the cultural fabric, leads to innovation and research, and fosters understanding, creativity, and problem-solving skills.

3. What drew criticism regarding the reading module?
a) Inclusion of mythology and references to Vymaanika Shastra and Pushpakavimana
b) Lack of scientific content and focus on cultural aspects
c) Insufficient information about Chandrayaan-3 mission
d) None of the above

Explanation: The reading module received criticism due to the inclusion of mythology and references to Vymaanika Shastra and Pushpakavimana, which drew ire from educationists, students, and rationalists.

Note: The detailed explanation provides context and clarifies the answers by referencing the information given in the provided text.

Brief Summary | UPSC – IAS

The Union Ministry of Education is defending the inclusion of mythology in a reading module on the Chandrayaan-3 mission for schoolchildren. The special module, crafted by the NCERT, aims to promote scientific interest and instill pride in India’s achievements. The ministry argues that mythology plays a significant role in the country’s cultural fabric and integrating it into education fosters creativity and problem-solving skills among students. The module, released on October 17, includes references to Vymaanika Shastra and Pushpakavimana from Indian mythology, which has drawn criticism from some educationists and rationalists.

The Surprising Discovery: Haemoglobin in Cartilage Cells

Haemoglobin has long been known as a vital component of red blood cells, responsible for carrying oxygen throughout our body. However, a recent study published in Nature has shed light on a new and unexpected role for haemoglobin. Chinese scientists have discovered that chondrocytes, the cells responsible for cartilage production, also produce and rely on haemoglobin for their survival.

‘Haemoglobin bodies’ in Cartilage Cells

Dr. Feng Zhang, a pathologist at the Fourth Military Medical University in China, stumbled upon this intriguing phenomenon while studying bone development. During his research on growth plates, the cartilaginous tissue at the ends of long bones, he noticed spherical structures resembling red blood cells. These structures, which he called haemoglobin bodies or ‘Hedy’, were found to contain haemoglobin.

In collaboration with Dr. Quiang Sun from the Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, advanced microscopy techniques were used to investigate the haemoglobin bodies further. Similar to oil separating into globules in water, the chondrocytes in cartilage exhibited phase separation, resulting in the formation of large haemoglobin blobs without a membrane.

The Importance of Haemoglobin in Cartilage Cells

The scientists sought to determine the functionality of these haemoglobin bodies. To do so, they conducted experiments using genetically modified mice that lacked the gene responsible for haemoglobin production. These mice showed a severe deficiency in haemoglobin and died as embryos. Additionally, when the gene was specifically removed in the cartilage tissue, the chondrocytes experienced cell death. This indicated that haemoglobin is essential for the survival of chondrocytes.

In red blood cells, haemoglobin carries and delivers oxygen to various parts of the body. The researchers hypothesized that haemoglobin in chondrocytes might also function in oxygen transport. They found that chondrocytes lacking haemoglobin exhibited signs of low oxygen or hypoxic stress. This led them to believe that the haemoglobin in chondrocytes likely stored oxygen and supplied it to the cells when needed.

Haemoglobin’s Role in Joint Diseases and Beyond

This groundbreaking discovery bridges the fields of haematology and skeletal biology, revealing their interconnectedness. It opens up new possibilities for understanding the mechanisms underlying joint diseases and bone deformities. Defects in chondrocytes can lead to various bone deformities, and this study suggests that abnormalities in chondrocyte haemoglobin may contribute to increased cell death in certain conditions.

The findings also raise interesting questions about the role of haemoglobin in other regions of cartilage, such as the ribs or spine. Further research is needed to determine if haemoglobin plays a similar role in these areas.

Fun Fact: Haemoglobin in Unexpected Places

The discovery that chondrocytes produce functional haemoglobin highlights the complexity of the human body. It showcases how even well-established scientific understanding can be challenged and expanded by new discoveries.

Conclusion

The serendipitous discovery of haemoglobin in cartilage cells has unveiled an unexpected function of this important molecule. Chondrocytes, the cells responsible for producing cartilage, rely on haemoglobin for survival. This finding not only offers insights into the mechanisms of joint diseases but also emphasizes the interconnectedness of different biological processes within our bodies. Through ongoing research, scientists hope to uncover further roles and effects of haemoglobin in various tissues and cells.

Mutiple Choice Questions

1. What is the main function of haemoglobin in red blood cells (RBCs)?
a) It makes blood red
b) It carries oxygen
c) It makes RBCs survive
d) It connects tissue between bones

Explanation: Haemoglobin in red blood cells carries oxygen to different parts of the body to ensure proper functioning.

2. Which type of cells other than red blood cells produce haemoglobin according to the study?
a) Nerve cells
b) Liver cells
c) Chondrocytes
d) Skin cells

Explanation: The study reveals that chondrocytes, which make cartilage, also produce haemoglobin.

3. What are the spherical blob-like structures containing haemoglobin called?
a) Erythrocytes
b) Haemoglobin bodies
c) Globules
d) Chondrocytes

Explanation: The scientists refer to the spherical blob-like structures containing haemoglobin as haemoglobin bodies or Hedy.

4. What happens to chondrocytes when the gene that makes haemoglobin is removed?
a) They become healthier
b) They start multiplying
c) They die
d) They grow larger

Explanation: When the gene that makes haemoglobin is removed, the chondrocytes start dying.

5. What did the experiments reveal about the role of haemoglobin in chondrocytes?
a) Haemoglobin carries oxygen in chondrocytes
b) Haemoglobin protects chondrocytes from stress
c) Haemoglobin helps in cell division
d) Haemoglobin regulates cell growth

Explanation: The experiments indicate that haemoglobin in chondrocytes carries oxygen and helps in overcoming low-oxygen conditions.

6. What did the researchers observe about the behavior of haemoglobin-free chondrocytes in a low-oxygen environment?
a) They release more oxygen
b) They adapt to the conditions
c) They become healthier
d) They die

Explanation: Haemoglobin-free chondrocytes started dying in a low-oxygen, or hypoxic, environment, confirming the importance of haemoglobin in their survival.

7. Where else in the body, apart from cartilage, was haemoglobin found according to the study?
a) Nerve cells
b) Muscle cells
c) RBCs
d) Ribs and spine

Explanation: The study found haemoglobin in cartilage outside of the growth plate, such as in the ribs and spine.

8. What did Gerard Karsenty, a professor studying skeletal biology, mention about the discovery?
a) It connects haematology and skeletal biology
b) It explains the mechanism of joint diseases
c) It changes the stem cells’ fate in the growth plate
d) It reveals more about cell death in joint diseases

Explanation: Gerard Karsenty states that the discovery breaks down barriers between haematology and skeletal biology, showing their connection.

9. How does the discovery of functional haemoglobin in cartilage contribute to understanding joint diseases?
a) It explains the cause of joint diseases
b) It reveals the role of chondrocytes in joint diseases
c) It helps interpret the mechanisms underlying joint diseases
d) It leads to the prevention of joint diseases

Explanation: The discovery of functional haemoglobin in cartilage opens up possibilities for understanding and interpreting the mechanisms of joint diseases.

10. Who made the discovery of functional haemoglobin in chondrocytes?
a) Noriaki Ono
b) Gerard Karsenty
c) Feng Zhang
d) Rohini Subrahmanyam

Explanation: The discovery of functional haemoglobin in chondrocytes was made by Dr. Zhang in collaboration with Quiang Sun.

Brief Summary | UPSC – IAS

Scientists have discovered that chondrocytes, the cells responsible for making cartilage, produce not only haemoglobin but also depend on it for survival. The team used advanced microscopy techniques and genetically modified mice to investigate the role of haemoglobin within chondrocytes, finding that it stores oxygen and releases it as necessary, maintaining normal cell function. Interestingly, the study also found haemoglobin in cartilage outside of the growth plate, such as in the ribs and spine. While the study opens up new possibilities for understanding joint diseases and the role of haemoglobin in the body, further research is needed to uncover the full scope of its functions.

Chandrayaan-3’s Vikram Lander Generates “Ejecta Halo” on Lunar Surface

Vikram Lander of Chandrayaan-3 can be seen resting on the surface of the moon in this image clicked with Pragyan Rover’s navigation camera. | Photo Credit: ISRO

Mutiple Choice Questions

1. What is the name of the lander module of Chandrayaan-3 that generated an ‘ejecta halo’ on the lunar surface?
a) Vikram
b) Pragyan Rover
c) Chandrayaan-3
d) ISRO

Explanation: The lander module of Chandrayaan-3 that generated an ‘ejecta halo’ on the lunar surface is called Vikram.

2. When did the historic touchdown of Vikram lander module occur on the south pole of the moon?
a) August 23
b) October 26
c) August 23, 2023
d) August 29

Explanation: The historic touchdown of the Vikram lander module on the south pole of the moon occurred on August 23.

3. What did Vikram lander module generate around itself when it landed on the moon?
a) Dust storm
b) Bright patch
c) Ejecta halo
d) Lunar regolith

Explanation: When Vikram lander module landed on the moon, it generated a bright patch around itself.

4. Where were the findings regarding the ‘ejecta halo’ of Vikram lander module published?
a) Journal of Lunar Science
b) Journal of Astrophysics
c) Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing
d) Journal of Space Exploration

Explanation: The findings regarding the ‘ejecta halo’ of Vikram lander module were published in the Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing.

5. How much lunar epi regolith material was estimated to be ejected and displaced by Vikram lander module?
a) 1.06 tonnes
b) 2.06 tonnes
c) 3.06 tonnes
d) 4.06 tonnes

Explanation: The estimation suggests that approximately 2.06 tonnes of lunar epi regolith material were ejected and displaced by Vikram lander module.

Brief Summary | UPSC – IAS

Chandrayaan-3’s lander module, Vikram, created an ‘ejecta halo’ on the surface of the moon during its landing on August 23. A study published in the Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing revealed that Vikram raised lunar dust and generated a bright patch around itself upon touchdown. The study estimated that approximately 2.06 tonnes of lunar epi regolith were ejected and displaced over an area of 108.4 m² around the landing site. These findings provide further insight into the landing sequence and the behavior of lunar regolith. Efforts to revive Vikram and the rover after a lunar day have been unsuccessful.

The Reykjanes Peninsula Seismic Swarm: A Sign of Impending Volcanic Eruption in Iceland

Lava spurts and flows after the eruption of a volcano in the Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland, July 12, 2023, as seen in this handout picture taken from a Coast Guard helicopter.
| Photo Credit: Civil Protection of Iceland/Reuters

In conclusion, the ongoing seismic swarm on the Reykjanes peninsula in Iceland indicates the possibility of an upcoming volcanic eruption. These earthquakes serve as crucial warning signs for scientists and authorities to monitor the situation closely. While the occurrence of seismic activity presents challenges and potential risks, proper preparedness and response measures can help mitigate the impact on human life and infrastructure. Understanding the significance, features, objectives, effects, and potential pros and cons of such events is crucial for ensuring the safety and well-being of communities living in volcanic regions. As Iceland’s unique geological setting makes it a hot spot for seismic and volcanic activities, it continues to be an area of great interest for scientific research and exploration.

Mutiple Choice Questions

1. What is the cause of the seismic swarm in the Reykjanes peninsula?

a) Plate tectonics
b) Volcanic eruption
c) Human activity
d) Global warming

Explanation: The seismic swarm in the Reykjanes peninsula is caused by plate tectonics. The peninsula is located between the Eurasian and the North American tectonic plates, which are among the largest on the planet. As these plates move in opposite directions, it creates seismic and volcanic activity in Iceland.

2. How many small earthquakes have occurred in the last three days in the Reykjanes peninsula?

a) More than 500
b) More than 1,000
c) More than 5,000
d) More than 10,000

Explanation: According to the country’s meteorological office (IMO), more than 5,500 small earthquakes have occurred in the last three days in the Reykjanes peninsula. This is a significant number and raises the prospect of a volcanic eruption.

3. What is the relationship between the earthquake activity and the next volcanic eruption?

a) There is no relationship
b) Earthquakes are a warning sign of a volcanic eruption
c) Earthquakes prevent volcanic eruptions
d) Earthquakes are caused by volcanic eruptions

Explanation: The earthquake activity in the Reykjanes peninsula is considered a warning sign of a volcanic eruption. According to the IMO Service and Research division head, Matthew Roberts, these earthquakes are part of a longer-term story indicating that the region is entering a build-up phase to the next volcanic eruption.

4. How deep are the earthquakes in the Reykjanes peninsula?

a) Up to 1 km
b) Up to 3 km
c) Up to 5 km
d) Up to 10 km

Explanation: The earthquakes in the Reykjanes peninsula have originated at a depth of up to 5 km. These earthquakes are caused by a long-term accumulation of magma, which has been building pressure and is slowly drifting towards the surface of the earth.

5. How likely is an eruption within the next 12 months, according to Matthew Roberts?

a) Highly unlikely
b) Somewhat likely
c) Moderately likely
d) Very likely

Explanation: According to Matthew Roberts, an eruption within the next 12 months is likely. He mentioned that as a scientist who has been closely following the activity, he believes that the seismic swarm is indicating the build-up phase to the next volcanic eruption.

6. What is the magnitude of the strongest earthquake recorded in the Reykjanes peninsula?

a) 2.5
b) 3.0
c) 4.5
d) 5.0

Explanation: The strongest earthquake recorded in the Reykjanes peninsula has a magnitude of 4.5. Additionally, around 15 tremors were measured at a magnitude of 3.0 or stronger. Earthquakes with a magnitude above 2.5 can often be felt by humans.

7. Which town on the peninsula is closest to the seismic activity?

a) Reykjavik
b) Grindavík
c) Michigan
d) Civil Protection

Explanation: Grindavík, a fishing town on the Reykjanes peninsula, is the town closest to the seismic activity. Grindavík has a population of around 2,000 inhabitants.

Note: It’s important to refer to additional sources and cross-check the information to ensure accuracy in the answer key. The provided explanation is based on the information given in the text provided.

Brief Summary | UPSC – IAS

A seismic swarm of over 5,500 small earthquakes has occurred in southwest Iceland’s Reykjanes peninsula, prompting concern of a volcanic eruption, according to the country’s meteorological office. The peninsula sits between the Eurasian and North American tectonic plates, making Iceland a seismic and volcanic hotspot. While earthquakes are common in the region, this swarm has been larger than usual and is seen as a warning sign of a potential eruption in the near future. The quakes were caused by the accumulation of magma under the surface, and experts predict that an eruption could occur within the next 12 months.

Partial Lunar Eclipse to Illuminate the Night Sky on October 28

Moon partially covered by the earth’s shadow during lunar eclipse. File.
| Photo Credit: PTI

By sharing the wonders of celestial events such as lunar eclipses, teachers can help foster curiosity and captivate students’ interest in the field of astronomy. Encouraging them to observe and appreciate these phenomena can inspire a lifelong passion for science and exploration.

Mutiple Choice Questions

1) Which parts of the world will witness the partial lunar eclipse on the night of October 28?

a) West Bengal, India
b) North and South America
c) Asia, Europe, Africa, and Russia
d) Only West Bengal

Answer: c) Asia, Europe, Africa, and Russia

Explanation: According to the given information, the partial lunar eclipse on the night of October 28 can be witnessed in Asia, Europe, Africa, and Russia.

2) When will the partial umbral eclipse, which is more noticeable, start during the event?

a) 11:31 p.m. IST
b) 1:05 a.m. IST
c) 1:44 a.m. IST
d) 2:23 a.m. IST

Answer: b) 1:05 a.m. IST

Explanation: As mentioned in the text, the partial umbral eclipse, which is more noticeable, will start in the early hours of October 29 at around 1:05 a.m. IST.

3) What is the magnitude of the partial lunar eclipse?

a) 0.12
b) 1.44
c) 2.23
d) 0.23

Answer: a) 0.12

Explanation: The given information states that the magnitude of the partial lunar eclipse will be around 0.12, marked by the maximum obscuration of the lunar disc.

4) What is the difference between a penumbral eclipse and an umbral lunar eclipse?

a) A penumbral eclipse is when the moon is fully covered by the shadow of the earth, while an umbral eclipse is when the moon is partially covered.
b) A penumbral eclipse is when the moon enters a partially shadowed region of the earth and remains partly lighted, while an umbral eclipse is when the moon partially enters the actual dark part of the earth’s shadow.
c) A penumbral eclipse is when the moon is partially covered by the shadow of the earth for some time, while an umbral eclipse is when the moon is fully illuminated.
d) A penumbral eclipse is the actual eclipse, while an umbral eclipse is just a phase of the moon.

Answer: b) A penumbral eclipse is when the moon enters a partially shadowed region of the earth and remains partly lighted, while an umbral eclipse is when the moon partially enters the actual dark part of the earth’s shadow.

Explanation: The provided information explains that a penumbral eclipse occurs when the moon enters a partially shadowed region of the earth and remains partly lighted. On the other hand, an umbral lunar eclipse is when the moon partially enters the actual dark part of the earth’s shadow.

5) What celestial event occurred on October 14?

a) Partial lunar eclipse
b) Solar eclipse
c) Full moon
d) New moon

Answer: b) Solar eclipse

Explanation: The given information states that on October 14, there was an annular solar eclipse, which was experienced by people in North and South America.

Brief Summary | UPSC – IAS

On the night of October 28, there will be a partial lunar eclipse visible in West Bengal, India, as well as across Asia, Europe, Africa, and Russia. The eclipse will begin late on October 28 and continue until the early hours of October 29. Astrophysicist Debi Prasad Duari explained that the moon will be partially eclipsed by the Earth’s shadow, giving people the opportunity to experience a partial lunar eclipse. The penumbral eclipse will start at approximately 11:31 p.m. IST, with the more noticeable umbral eclipse beginning at around 1:05 a.m. IST on October 29. The eclipse will reach its maximum at 1:44 a.m. and end by 2:23 a.m. The magnitude of the partial lunar eclipse will be approximately 0.12.

Exploring the Fascinating World of Silk: Features, Significance, and Moth Domestication

Silk, known as the queen of fibers, is a magnificent material that has captured human fascination for thousands of years. It is obtained from the cocoons of the silk moth (Bombyx mori), which has been domesticated by humans for over 5,000 years in China. Today, domesticated silk moths are reared worldwide, including India, making it the second-largest producer of raw silk after China. Let’s delve deeper into the significance, features, and interesting aspects of silk and the process of moth domestication.

The Significance of Silk

Silk has always held a special place in human history and culture. Its production has a significant economic impact, contributing to the livelihoods of countless people in the silk industry. The exquisite fabric woven from silk fibers is highly valued for its luxurious feel, lustrous appearance, and durability. Silk is widely used in the production of clothing, textiles, home furnishings, and even medical sutures and parachutes. The versatility and elegance of silk make it a sought-after fabric worldwide.

The Features of Silk and Moth Domestication

The silk moth, or Bombyx mori, plays a crucial role in silk production. Here are some intriguing features about silk and the process of moth domestication:

• Silk production occurs through the reeling or drawing of silk fibers from the cocoons of the silk moth.
• The domesticated silk moth is larger than its wild progenitor, enabling it to produce longer silk fibers.
• Domesticated silk moths have lost the ability to fly and have undergone pigmentation changes due to the absence of the need for camouflage.
• Wild silks, such as muga, tasar, and eri silks, come from other moth species that survive relatively independently and feed on a wider variety of trees.
• Non-mulberry silks account for about 30% of silk production in India and have different characteristics such as shorter, coarser, and harder threads compared to mulberry silk.
• The cocoons of domesticated silk moths come in various colors, such as yellow-red, gold, flesh, pink, pale green, deep green, or white. However, these pigments gradually fade, and the colored silks available in the market are produced using acid dyes.

Objectives and Effects of Silk Moth Domestication

The domestication of silk moths has been a fascinating process that has had both intended and unintended consequences. Here are some objectives and effects of moth domestication:

• Objective: Moth domestication aimed to breed and cultivate silk moths for silk production, which became a significant economic activity.
• Effect: The domestication process led to larger silk moths capable of producing longer silk fibers, catering to the demand for high-quality silk.
• Objective: Selective breeding of silk moths with differently colored cocoons in the hope of obtaining naturally colored silks.
• Effect: Disappointment in achieving naturally colored silks as the pigments in cocoons are water-soluble and fade away. Colored silks available in the market are dyed using acid dyes.

Pros and Cons of Silk Moth Domestication

Like any human intervention in nature, silk moth domestication has its own set of pros and cons:

Pros:

• The domestication of silk moths has enabled the mass production of silk, contributing to economic growth and employment opportunities.
• Domesticated silk moths produce longer silk fibers, enhancing the quality and versatility of silk fabric.
• The variety of colors in domesticated silk moth cocoons adds an aesthetic appeal to silk products.

Cons:

• The domesticated silk moth has lost its ability to fly and relies entirely on human care for survival and reproduction.
• Unhatched cocoons of silk moths are used for reeling high-quality silk, raising ethical concerns.
• Attempts to breed naturally colored silks through domestication have been unsuccessful due to the water-soluble nature of cocoon pigments.

Fun Fact: Uncovering the Genetics of Silk Moths

Scientists have been dedicated to unraveling the genetic mysteries behind silk moth domestication. Recent research from Southwest University in China provided insights into how combinations of gene mutations result in different colored cocoons. They identified specific genes responsible for the synthesis and transport of pigments, explaining the spectrum of colors in silk moth cocoons.

Furthermore, studies conducted by researchers from the University of Tokyo and Columbia University examined the genetic differences between domesticated and ancestral silk moths. By mutating a gene called apontic-like, they concluded that the domesticated moth lost its ability to produce melanin, a pigment responsible for the dark coloration.

These breakthroughs pave the way for further genetic analysis and understanding of the intricate process of silk moth domestication.

Silk, with its rich history and remarkable attributes, continues to be a beloved fabric cherished by people worldwide. Exploring the genetic intricacies behind silk moth domestication deepens our understanding of the remarkable journey silk has taken throughout human history.

However, it is crucial to address the ethical considerations and environmental impact associated with silk production to ensure sustainable practices in the industry.

Fun Fact: Silk production has contributed significantly to cultural and economic exchange between East and West, playing a vital role in the ancient Silk Road trade route. It facilitated the exchange of ideas, technologies, and goods across vast regions of the world.

Mutiple Choice Questions

1. What is the process of obtaining silk from silkworms?

A. Silkworms forage on a variety of trees and produce silk
B. Silkworms absorb pigments from mulberry leaves to produce silk
C. Silkworms spin silk fibers to build their cocoons
D. Silkworms transport silk proteins from their midgut to the silk glands

Explanation: Silkworms spin silk fibers to build their cocoons, which are then used to obtain silk.

2. Which country is the world’s second largest producer of raw silk after China?

A. Japan
B. Russia
C. India
D. Korea

Explanation: India is the world’s second largest producer of raw silk after China.

3. What is the main difference between the domesticated silk moth and its wild progenitor?

A. The domesticated silk moth has lost the ability to fly
B. The domesticated silk moth has a larger cocoon
C. The domesticated silk moth feeds on a wider variety of leaves
D. The domesticated silk moth has a different pigmentation

Explanation: The domesticated silk moth has lost the ability to fly, as well as its caterpillar and adult-stage pigmentation.

4. What percentage of silk produced in India comes from non-mulberry silks?

A. 30%
B. 50%
C. 70%
D. 90%

Explanation: Non-mulberry silks comprise about 30% of all silk produced in India.

5. How do silkworms obtain the pigments that color their cocoons?

A. They absorb pigments from the air
B. They synthesize pigments in their silk glands
C. They transport pigments from their midgut to the silk glands
D. They obtain pigments from the mulberry leaves they feed on

Explanation: Silkworms feed on mulberry leaves and absorb chemical compounds called carotenoids and flavonoids, which are responsible for the pigmentation of their cocoons.

6. How do researchers explain the different colors of silk cocoons?

A. The colors are determined by a combination of mutations in specific genes
B. The colors are determined by the type of mulberry tree the silkworm feeds on
C. The colors are artificially produced using acid dyes
D. The colors are determined by the silk moth’s ability to fly

Explanation: Researchers have found that different combinations of mutations in specific genes, such as the Y gene, result in the different colors of silk cocoons.

7. What is the name of the gene that was specifically mutated in hybrid silk moths?

A. Melanin-like
B. Apontic
C. B. mori
D. B. mandarina

Explanation: The gene that was specifically mutated in hybrid silk moths is called apontic-like.

8. What is the implication of the apontic-like gene mutation in hybrid silk moths?

A. The hybrid silk moth failed to make melanin
B. The hybrid silk moth produced a different pigment
C. The hybrid silk moth lost the ability to spin silk fibers
D. The hybrid silk moth became unable to cocoon itself

Explanation: The mutation in the apontic-like gene resulted in the hybrid silk moth’s failure to produce melanin.

9. What is the significance of silk moth domestication?

A. It allows for the production of different colors of silk cocoons
B. It provides a valuable resource for studying genetic diversity
C. It has paved the way for analyzing domestication in other organisms
D. It allows for the mass production of silk fibers

Explanation: Silk moth domestication has been a significant process that has led to the production of fibers for various purposes and has also provided valuable insights into the molecular basis of diversity.

10. What are the potential future implications of gene analysis in silk moth domestication?

A. It may lead to the discovery of new silk-producing species
B. It may provide insights into the domestication of other organisms
C. It may allow for the creation of genetically modified silk moths
D. It may result in the production of silk with enhanced properties

Explanation: Gene analysis in silk moth domestication may provide insights into the domestication process of other organisms and pave the way for further genetic studies in other fields.

Brief Summary | UPSC – IAS

Silk, a fiber made from cocoons of the silk moth, was domesticated over 5,000 years ago in China. The domesticated moth has lost the ability to fly and its pigmentation in both the caterpillar and adult stages. “Wild” silks, such as muga, tasar, and eri silks, are obtained from other moth species and require less human care. Non-mulberry silks make up 30% of all silk production in India and have different characteristics compared to mulberry silks. The cocoons of domesticated silk moths come in a variety of colors due to mutations in genes responsible for pigmentation. Research in China has identified specific genes associated with the production of different colors. Hybrid silk moths have been created to study the genes responsible for pigmentation production.

Cloud Seeding Experiment Enhances Rainfall in Solapur: A Breakthrough in Water Availability

Mutiple Choice Questions

1. What is the primary objective of the Cloud Aerosol Interaction and Precipitation Enhancement Experiment (CAIPEEX phase-4)?
a) To investigate the effectiveness of cloud seeding in producing rainfall
b) To study the microphysics and characteristics of convective clouds
c) To develop a high-resolution numerical model for cloud seeding
d) To understand the availability of additional water through cloud seeding

Explanation: The primary objective of the CAIPEEX phase-4 experiment was to investigate the efficacy of hygroscopic seeding in deep convective clouds and to develop a cloud seeding protocol. (Option b is incorrect as it is mentioned that the study was carried out to first study and understand the microphysics and characteristics of convective clouds, not the primary objective)

2. How much relative enhancement in rainfall was achieved through the cloud seeding experiment in Solapur city?
a) 8.67mm
b) 18%
c) 867 million litres
d) 46%

Explanation: The cloud seeding experiment in Solapur city achieved a relative enhancement in rainfall of approximately 18%, which is equivalent to approximately 8.67mm of additional rainfall. (Options a, c, and d are incorrect as they do not represent the correct amount of relative enhancement in rainfall achieved)

3. What is the approximate cost of producing water through cloud seeding according to the study?
a) 18 paisa per litre
b) 50 paisa per litre
c) 18% of total cost
d) 50% of total cost

Explanation: The study estimated that the approximate cost of producing water through cloud seeding was 18 paisa per litre. (Option b is incorrect as it does not represent the correct cost mentioned in the study)

4. What percentage of cumulus clouds produce rainfall when cloud seeding is done correctly?
a) 18%
b) 20-25%
c) 46%
d) 50%

Explanation: The study found that 20-25% of cumulus clouds produce rainfall if cloud seeding is done correctly. (Options a, c, and d are incorrect as they do not represent the correct percentage mentioned in the study)

5. How many convective clouds were chosen for the randomised seeding experiment?
a) 384
b) 422
c) 150
d) 122

Explanation: A total of 276 convective clouds were chosen for the randomised seeding experiment, out of which 150 were seeded and 122 were not seeded. (Options a and b are incorrect as they represent the total rainfall in Solapur city, not the number of convective clouds chosen for the experiment)

Brief Summary UPSC – IAS

A cloud seeding experiment conducted in Solapur, India, achieved an 18% increase in rainfall, equivalent to an extra 8.67mm, according to a recent study published in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. The study used hygroscopic seeding in deep convective clouds and found that cloud seeding can be effective in enhancing rainfall when certain conditions are met. A total of 276 convective clouds were studied, with 150 seeded and 122 unseeded. The experiment resulted in a total enhancement of 867 million litres of water availability. Cloud seeding was found to be a partial solution for addressing water requirements and managing drought conditions.